Fresh sweat does not smell. Bacteria inhabiting the underarm niche have a huge impact on odour formation. Apocrine secretions in the axillae contain long-chain fatty acids, fatty acids bound to amino acids, sulphur-containing amino acids and hormones, which are too large to become volatile. The bacterial degradation of these compounds leads to smaller compounds, which become volatile and have an odour.Depending on the type of bacteria living in the axillary region, that odour can smell foul. The microbiology of malodourous armpits is currently a topic of investigation. Mainly two genera are abundant in the axillary region: Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp.[1] Recent research shows that Staphylococcus hominis, Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum and Anaerococcus spp. are important and abundant contributors to typical armpit malodour. [2,3] More corynebacteria correlate with more body odour. Low-abundant species contribute likewise; however, it is still unclear which species and to what extent. As compared to the primate axillary microbiome, the human axillary microbiome is much less diverse, probably due to human hygiene habits.Repeated exposure to water, soaps, detergents and underarm cosmetics decrease the microbial load and diversity to a point where only the most adjusted bacterial genera survive.
| BACTERIA UNDERNEATH THE AXILLARY SKIN SURFACEIt is still under debate whether bacteria can live underneath the skin surface, that is the sweat glands, hair follicles, sweat ducts, amongst others. There are nonetheless a number of reasons why living bacteria are present in these deeper skin regions. First, sweat glands and hair follicles are in contact with the outer skin epidermis through invagination, pores and dermal ducts. The sweat glands and hair follicles are large enough, warm and nutritiously rich to permit microbial activity.It is thus plausible that the degradation of the odour precursors starts from there. Second, bacteria were found with molecular techniques in the deeper layers of the stratum corneum of the epidermis. The microbiome of the deeper layers determined the recolonization process after skin barrier disruption.[4] Next to this, bacteria were microscopically observed in the duct of eccrine sweat glands in biopsy studies.A recent molecular investigation also detected bacteria in the dermis and even in the dermal adipose tissue of the skin.[5]Third, the axillary microbiome is quite stable over time. The armpits are regularly washed, and it would therefore be logic that the armpit microbiome shows much more variation over time. Without a microbiome living in the sweat glands and hair follicles, this would indeed be
AbstractAxillary malodour is a frustrating condition for many people. It can lead to significant discomforts and various psychological effects. The underarm microbiome plays a major role in axillary malodour formation. Not only the bacteria on the epidermis, but also and especially those living in the sweat glands, sweat pores and hair follicles play a pivotal role in malodour d...