The effect of gold work on the sensitization of 304 stainless steel

Briant, C. L.; Ritter, Ann

doi:10.1016/0036-9748(79)90288-6

Cited by 57 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The presence of both these precipitates has been reported in sensitized SS316Ti exposed for 100h at 1023 K which has been attributed to higher carbon content of the steel [3]. Also the high diffusion rate of Cr and C in martensite [26,27] facilitates the M 23 C 6 carbides along lath boundaries and within laths.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Study of strain induced martensite formation in a Ti modified 316 stainless steel bellow by transmission electron microscopy

Mythili

Saroja

Vijayalakshmi

2009

Trans Indian Inst Met

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This paper presents a study of strain induced martensite formed in a Ti modified SS 316 bellow by electron microscopy methods. This bellow is part of a bellows sealed valve used in a sodium testing facility. It is known that Ti is added to austenitic stainless steel to overcome the problem of intergranular corrosion due to sensitization. However, the addition of Ti, a strong ferrite stabilizer can influence the stability of J phase especially under strained conditions. Detailed electron microscopy studies showed the presence of strain induced martensite in an austenite matrix. The reasons for its formation and stability at the operating temperature are discussed, since sensitization kinetics is reported to be accelerated by the formation of martensite.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Study of strain induced martensite formation in a Ti modified 316 stainless steel bellow by transmission electron microscopy

Mythili

Saroja

Vijayalakshmi

2009

Trans Indian Inst Met

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“…In another study on the effect of strain generated during cooling (simulated to weldinduced sensitization) on sensitization, they showed that strain as low as 5% (if single heating and cooling cycle is used) and ~0.8% per cycle (if multiple heating and cooling cycles are used) could enhance the sensitization. 20 Briant and coworkers 21,24 showed that prior deformation alone (without introducing martensite, such as in AISI 316 SS) increases the kinetic of sensitization only at temperatures where undeformed SS readily sensitized. However, AISI 304 SS, which contained deformation-induced martensite, experienced rapid sensitization at <600°C and produced rapid healing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Sensitization has been shown to be affected by the variables like prior deformation, deformation-induced martensite, grain size, and grain boundary orientation. [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] Solomon 18 showed that the prior deformation of AISI 304 SS containing different amounts of carbon contents increased the cooling rate for sensitization by a factor >7, compared to the cooling rate measured for an annealed specimen. In another study on the effect of strain generated during cooling (simulated to weldinduced sensitization) on sensitization, they showed that strain as low as 5% (if single heating and cooling cycle is used) and ~0.8% per cycle (if multiple heating and cooling cycles are used) could enhance the sensitization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Cold Deformation Prior to Sensitization on Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steel

Singh¹,

Swaminathan²,

Das³

et al. 2005

CORROSION

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The effects of deformation, prior to sensitization, on intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) were studied on the AISI 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel (SS). The degree of sensitization (DOS) was quantifi ed by the double loop electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation (DL-EPR) method. The susceptibility to IGSCC was investigated by the slow strain rate test (SSRT) carried out in polythionic acid (PTA) solutions. The results were complemented by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractographs. Deformation was found to accelerate sensitization, and a peak in sensitization vs. deformation was always observed. This peak was found to shift toward lower deformations with an increase in sensitization temperature. At 700°C, prior deformation is able to desensitize or heal the SS after 24 h. IGSCC was observed in AISI 304 SS after some treatments. No one-to-one correspondence was observed between IGSCC and DOS; this could be explained by the fact that the DOS measured by the DL-EPR indicates the depleted regions below ~15% Cr, whereas IGSCC depends on the availability of continuous grain boundary paths that are chromium-depleted, along with strain rate and environment (pH, temperature, etc.). Deformation prior to sensitization causes carbide formation and chromium depletion to occur near dislocations within the grain interiors, in addition to along grain boundaries. The DOS does not differentiate between these interior regions and the grain boundary regions, and shows a total value accounted for chromium depletion. However, IGSCC occurs only when there is chromium depletion along grain boundaries and therefore these intragrain regions further reduce the correlation between the DOS and IGSCC susceptibility. Deformation close to or beyond 60% was found to prevent IGSCC of AISI 304 SS, irrespective of the sensitization temperature or DOS value.

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“…In the deformed samples of the present study, it was found that the precipitated intergranular carbides were always within the martensite or along the martensite lath boundaries. The rapid sensitisation of austenitic steel is due to the fact that chromium and carbon diffuse more rapidly in body-centred-tetragonal martensite than in face-centred-cubic austenite 10 ; the corrosion pitting phenomenon tends to initiate from the inclusion-matrix interface and martensite-rich regions. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the influences of deep cryogenic treatment and tempering on the corrosion performance of AISI D3 tool steel punches used for blanking on AISI 304 austenitic stainless steel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Cryogenic Treatment on the Corrosion of AISI D3 Steel

et al. 2015

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It is well known that cryogenic treatment is used to improve the mechanical properties of a material. Consequently, the use of cryogenic treatment has grown beyond its successful application on tool steels. In this research, the effects of cryogenic treatment on the corrosion of AISI D3 steel in 3.5% NaCl solution were examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The surface structure of the AISI D3 steel was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after the EIS investigations. Results clearly indicated that the pre-treatment of the steel was responsible for a significant effect on corrosion. The heat treatment process prior to the cryogenic treatment and the tempering process after were shown to decrease corrosion resistance. Uygur et al. 570 Materials Research Keywords: corrosion, cryogenic treatment, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, AISI D3 steel Material and MethodsElectrochemical measurements were carried out in a three-electrode type cell with separate compartments for the reference electrode (Ag/AgCl), the counter (Pt) and the working (AISI D3 steel) electrodes having an area of 0.5 cm². The surfaces of the working electrode were prepared by grinding with 400-1800 grade abrasive paper, rinsing with distilled water and then degreasing with acetone. During the measurements, the solution was stirred with a magnetic stirrer (500 rot/min). The composition of AISI D3 steel is given in Table 1.Four types of uncoated AISI D3 steel samples were used: conventionally heat treated, 24 h cryogenically treated, 36 h cryogenically treated and 36 h cryogenically treated and then 2 h tempered at 150 °C. The cryogenic treatment for the AISI D3 samples was achieved by gradually lowering them from room temperature to -145 °C at the cooling rate of about 5 °C/min and holding at this cryogenic temperature for 24 h or 36 h, then gradually bringing them back to room temperature at the heating rate of 5 °C/min. The scheme in Figure 1 shows the various treatments and treatment cycles applied to the samples. The tempering of the AISI D3 steel was performed in a muffle furnace with the capacity of 9 kW, 380 V and 1200 °C.After the AISI D3 steel samples were prepared as described above (Figure 1), their corrosion behaviour in a 3.5% NaCl medium was then examined. For the investigation, abridged labels were used for the AISI D3 steel sample qualifications (Table 2). Thus, the following discussion will be made easier by referring to these codes. Electrochemical measurementsThe electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were performed using a Reference 600 Gamry Potentiostat/Galvanostat/ZRA (M/S Gamry Instruments, USA). Before EIS measurement, each sample was immersed in the corrosion cell and allowed to stabilise for 2 h. The EIS studies were performed by imposing a sinusoidal voltage of 10 mV amplitude as the open circuit potential of the working electrode. The frequency was varied between 100 kHz and 1 mHz. Surface morphology studiesAfter the EIS measurements, surface analyses of the worki...

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The effect of gold work on the sensitization of 304 stainless steel

Cited by 57 publications

References 4 publications

Study of strain induced martensite formation in a Ti modified 316 stainless steel bellow by transmission electron microscopy

Study of strain induced martensite formation in a Ti modified 316 stainless steel bellow by transmission electron microscopy

Effects of Cold Deformation Prior to Sensitization on Intergranular Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steel

The Effects of Cryogenic Treatment on the Corrosion of AISI D3 Steel

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