The Effect of Germanium-Loaded Hydroxyapatite Biomaterials on Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Growth

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a hard mineral component of mineralized tissues, mainly composed of calcium and phosphate. Due to its bioavailability, HA is potentially used for the repair and regeneration of mineralized tissues. For this purpose, the properties of HA are significantly improved by adding natural and synthetic materials. In this sense, the germanium (Ge) mineral was loaded in HA biomaterial by cold isostatic pressure for the first time and characterization and biocompatibility using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were investigated. The addition of Ge at 5% improved the solubility (3.32%), stiffness (18.34 MPa), water holding (31.27%) and biodegradation (21.87%) properties of HA, compared to control. Compared to all composite biomaterials, the drug-releasing behavior of HA-3% Ge was higher at pH 1 and 3 and the maximum drug release was obtained at pH 7 and 9 with HA-5% Ge biomaterials. Among the different mediums tested, the DMEM-medium showed a higher drug release rate, especially at 60 min. HA-Ge biomaterials showed better protein adhesion and apatite layer formation, which ultimately proves the compatibility in BM-MSCs culture. Except for higher concentrations of HA (5 and 10 mg/mL), the different concentrations of Ge and HA and wells coated with 1% of HA-1% Ge had higher BM-MSCs growth than control. All these findings concluded that the fabricated HA biomaterials loaded with Ge could be the potential biomaterial for culturing mammalian cells towards mineralized tissue repair and regeneration.

Retinol-Loaded Poly(vinyl alcohol)-Based Hydrogels as Suitable Biomaterials with Antimicrobial Properties for the Proliferation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…The protein adsorption ability of PVA hydrogel was carried out as per our earlier protocol [ 94 ]. To estimate the ability of PVA hydrogel in protein adhesion, fetal bone serum (FBS) (100 µL) (Lot No.…”

“…Then, the synthesized biomimetic mineral was powdered to an average particle size of 4.8 µm (Mastersizer APA 2000 E Ver. 5.20, Serial Number: MAL1013724, Malvern Instruments Ltd., Malvern, Worcestershire, UK) [ 94 ]. Then, the mineral adhesion of PVA hydrogel was measured using the synthesized biomimetic mineral as follows: The biomimetic mineral was dissolved in DMSO with a concentration of 5 mg/mL and loaded on hydrogel for 24 h. After incubation, the unbound mineral was removed by washing with PBS twice, and alizarin red was used to stain the bound minerals on PVA hydrogel.…”

“…Then, the mineral adhesion of PVA hydrogel was measured using the synthesized biomimetic mineral as follows: The biomimetic mineral was dissolved in DMSO with a concentration of 5 mg/mL and loaded on hydrogel for 24 h. After incubation, the unbound mineral was removed by washing with PBS twice, and alizarin red was used to stain the bound minerals on PVA hydrogel. The amount of mineral deposition was spectrophotometrically quantified after dissolving the mineral stain in a mixture of methanol (20%) and acetic acid (10%) in water for 20 min at 450 nm as per our earlier method [ 94 ]. The samples without biomimetic minerals served as negative control.…”

“…In order to quantify the maximum number of cells that can load on PVA hydrogel, BMMS cells were loaded on hydrogel by following our previous protocol [ 94 ]. The initial cell-loading capacity of hydrogel was measured by loading BMMS cells with a density of 5 × 10 5 on hydrogel in 24-well culture plates for 6 h. At the end of the experiment, the cells were harvested with 0.25% trypsin and counted by using an automated cell counter (Invitrogen).…”

Antibacterial and Proliferative Effects of NaOH-Coated Titanium, Zirconia, and Ceramic-Reinforced PEEK Dental Composites on Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells

“…The protein adsorption ability of the specimen was determined by following our previous protocol [ 31 ]. Briefly, NaOH-coated and uncoated specimens were incubated in fetal bovine serum (FBS) (Lot No.…”