The Effect of Gender Equality on International Soccer Performance

Abstract

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Elite sport policies and international sporting success: a panel data analysis of European women’s national football team performance

“…Nevertheless, existing articles on women's football find inconsistent results. Three studies (Congdon-Hohman & Matheson, 2011;Jacobs, 2014;Torgler, 2008) associate colder temperature with international women's football success, while two other articles (Brendtmann et al, 2016;Hoffmann et al, 2006) display non-significant results.…”

“…Furthermore, previous literature positively associates a country's level of gender equality (e.g. female-to-male labour force, Gender Inequality Index) with its international performance in women's football (Brendtmann et al, 2016;Cho, 2013;Congdon-Hohman & Matheson, 2011;Hoffmann et al, 2006;Jacobs, 2014;Klein, 2002), suggesting that countries where women are provided with equal opportunities in society are more likely to invest in women's sports. Hence, women have more opportunities to participate in sport and potentially improve their skills.…”

“…A country's wealth (i.e. Gross Domestic Product or Gross Domestic Product per Capita) has a positive effect on a country's international sporting success, suggesting that in economically developed countries women have either more leisure time or availability of better sport infrastructures (Brendtmann, Carsten, & Otten, 2016;Cho, 2013;Congdon-Hohman & Matheson, 2011;Hoffmann, Ging, Matheson, & Ramasamy, 2006;Jacobs, 2014;Klein, 2002;Torgler, 2008). Similarly, talent pool, estimated either via total population (Congdon-Hohman & Matheson, 2011;Hoffmann et al, 2006;Klein, 2002;Torgler, 2008) or female population (total and age-specific) (Cho, 2013), is positively associated with international success, indicating that countries with a larger population have a greater likelihood to succeed due to the larger talent pool from which NFAs can select players.…”

Why are We So Good At Football, and They So Bad? Institutions and National Footballing Performance

“…Economic prosperity is positively associated with football resource acquisition, which helps to boost football performance (Omondi-Ochieng 2015). Country wealth and population size may contribute to international success for both male and female soccer teams (Bredtmann et al 2014). In this context, other researchers have found similar results showing income and population having a positive diminishing effect on football success (Leeds and Leeds 2009).…”

Women’s football studies: an integrative review

“…Related to these aspects, articles (e.g. Brendtmann, Carsten and Otten, 2016;Jacobs, 2014) that tested for the importance of socio-economic factors in determining a country's international sporting success in women's football consistently found that gender equality is associated with better sporting performances. This would suggest that [Type here] these countries are also more likely to invest in women's sports.…”