The effect of gas standardisation on exhaled breath condensate pH: Fig. 1—

Borrill, Zoë; Smith, Jaclyn A.; Naylor, J.; Woodcock, Ashley; Singh, Dave

doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00026706

Cited by 22 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…However, non-de-aerated samples have unstable pH due to rapid interaction of the sample with ambient air and resulting change in CO 2 concentration, making sample-analysis time crucial [40]. The mean change in pH after gas standardisation is ,1 [20,40,41]. However, whereas the effect of gas standardisation on samples with a pH .6 is predictable, it causes unpredictable pH changes in samples with pH ,6 [12,40,42].…”

Section: Gas Standardisationmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…The mean change in pH after gas standardisation is ,1 [20,40,41]. However, whereas the effect of gas standardisation on samples with a pH .6 is predictable, it causes unpredictable pH changes in samples with pH ,6 [12,40,42]. Acidic EBC samples that change little after gas standardisation may contain a low concentration of CO 2 , but high concentrations of other acids.…”

Section: Gas Standardisationmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The pH has also been measured without gas standardisation, as it has been argued that the concentration of CO 2 in the sample is important in itself [18,39]. However, non-de-aerated samples have unstable pH due to rapid interaction of the sample with ambient air and resulting change in CO 2 concentration, making sample-analysis time crucial [40]. The mean change in pH after gas standardisation is ,1 [20,40,41].…”

Section: Gas Standardisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in COPD

Borrill¹,

Roy²,

Singh³

2008

Eur Respir J

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116

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Biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be useful in aiding diagnosis, defining specific phenotypes of disease, monitoring exacerbations and evaluating the effects of drugs. Exhaled breath condensate is a noninvasive means of sampling the airways, allowing biomarkers of airway inflammation and oxidative stress to be measured. In the present review, the use of exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is explored and potential applications in diagnosis, disease phenotyping, exacerbation monitoring and clinical trials are considered. Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers are comprehensively reviewed in terms of method validation, reproducibility, disease specificity and sensitivity to detect changes in airway inflammation.The commonly used exhaled breath condensate methodologies in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients are shown to have considerable variability, due to technical issues concerning both sample collection and analysis. Despite these issues, there is still data to support the use of exhaled breath condensate biomarkers for monitoring chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations and the response to pharmacological intervention. Further improvements to sample collection and analysis methods will improve the sensitivity of these biomarkers. The use of cytokine arrays, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance profiling of exhaled breath condensate has opened a new avenue for analysis, as hypothesis generation from such profiling may lead to further selection of biomarkers for specific analysis.

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Section: Gas Standardisationmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Gas Standardisationmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Gas Standardisationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in COPD

Borrill¹,

Roy²,

Singh³

2008

Eur Respir J

Self Cite

116

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show abstract

“…Normal values of gas-standardized ("CO 2 -free") EBC pH have been reported from multiple investigators and range between 7.5 and 8.1 (3,8,9,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21). In our normative database from 404 subjects, the mean pH was 7.83, and the median pH was 8.0 (12).…”

Section: Normal Ebc Ph Valuesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Exhaled Breath Condensate pH Assays

Hunt

2007

Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America

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“…Efforts are needed to improve the sensitivity and the specificity of putative measurements through a comparison with more valid techniques, such as those based on mass spectrometry [95,96].…”

Section: Potential Confounding Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and exhaled clinically relevant inflammatory markers: values in healthy adults

et al. 2007

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Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), induced sputum and exhaled breath markers (exhaled nitric oxide and exhaled breath condensate) can each provide biological insights into the pathogenesis of respiratory disorders. Some of their biomarkers are also employed in the clinical management of patients with various respiratory diseases. In the clinical context, however, defining normal values and cut-off points is crucial. The aim of the present review is to investigate to what extent the issue of defining normal values in healthy adults has been pursued for the biomarkers with clinical value.The current authors reviewed data from literature that specifically addressed the issue of normal values from healthy adults for the four methodologies.Most studies have been performed for BAL (n59), sputum (n53) and nitric oxide (n53). There are no published studies for breath condensate, none of whose markers yet has clinical value. In healthy adult nonsmokers the cut-off points (mean+2SD) for biomarkers with clinical value were as follows. BAL: 16.7% lymphocytes, 2.3% neutrophils and 1.9% eosinophils; sputum: 7.7610 6 ?mL -1 total cell count and 2.2% eosinophils; nitric oxide: 20.2 ppb. The methodologies differ concerning the quantity and characteristics of available reference data. Studies focusing on obtaining reference values from healthy individuals are still required, more evidently for the new, noninvasive methodologies.

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The effect of gas standardisation on exhaled breath condensate pH: Fig. 1—

Cited by 22 publications

References 11 publications

Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in COPD

Exhaled breath condensate biomarkers in COPD

Exhaled Breath Condensate pH Assays

Bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and exhaled clinically relevant inflammatory markers: values in healthy adults

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