The Effect of Garlic Derivatives (S-Allylmercaptocysteine, Diallyl Disulfide, and S-Allylcysteine) on Gentamicin Induced Ototoxicity: An Experimental Study

Abstract

ObjectivesGentamicin is a potent aminoglycoside antibiotic. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity are the main side effects which restrict the use of gentamicin. Garlic with its intrinsic antioxidant activity may prove beneficial in prevention from ototoxicity. S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC), diallyl disulfide (DD), and S-allylcysteine (SAC) are three active compounds found in garlic. In this study, we investigated the effect of SAMC, DD, and SAC on the ototoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats, by using brainstem evoked response audiometry (BERA).MethodsThirty male Wistar rats with intact Preyer’s reflex initially weighing 220–260 g were randomly assigned to either the gentamicin injection with SAMC treatment group (Genta-w SAMC), DD treatment group (Genta-w DD), SAC treatment group (Genta-w SAC), gentamicin injection without any active compounds (AC) treatment groups (Genta-w/o AC), or control group (n=6 rats each group). Gentamicin was given 120-mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally once daily for 25 days to subjects in all groups except the control group. SAMC 100-mg/kg, and DD 50-mg/kg body weight were given intragastrically, and SAC 250-mg/kg body weight was given intraperitoneally once daily to subjects in Genta-w SAMC, and Genta-w DD, and Genta-w SAC groups, respectively during the study. After 25 days hearing thresholds were evaluated by using BERA test.ResultsThe mean amplitude of auditory thresholds (sensation level [SL]) measured by using BERA for the Genta-w SAMC, Genta-w DD, Genta-w SAC, Genta-w/o AC, and control groups were 22±8, 25±5, 30±9, 54±11, and 10±7 dB SL, respectively (mean±SD). The differences between every active compound group (Genta-w SAMC, Genta-w DD, and Genta-w SAC) and Genta-w/o AC were statistically significant (P<0.016).ConclusionSAMC, DD, and SAC are derivative of garlic seems to attenuate aminoglycoside-induced hearing loss. The effect of SAMC and DD seems to be more prominent than that of SAC.

International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CII: Pharmacological Modulation of H2S Levels: H2S Donors and H2S Biosynthesis Inhibitors

“…However, in other studies, SAC (as opposed to DATS) did not exhibit significant inhibitory effects on inflammatory mediator production in LPS-stimulated microglial cells in vitro (Ho and Su, 2014). Although SAC clearly has beneficial effects in many models of disease (ranging from diabetic complications to hypertension) (Park et al, 2014;Denzer et al, 2016;Imai et al, 2016;Uzun et al, 2016;Brahmanaidu et al, 2017;Kattaia et al, 2017), it is likely that its pharmacological effects encompass multiple additional actions beyond H 2 S donation.…”

Evaluation of Effect of Garlic Aged Extracts and Vitamin B12 on Noise-Induced Hearing Loss

“…[13] In general, the agents were given before the noise exposure in varying protocols of treatment strategies. [567891011] However, as the oxidative stress is shown to be still present for a week after noise exposure, we decided to administer the agents 14 days before and 14 days after noise exposure in our study.…”

“…[21] Among many studies performed by using SAMC, DADS, and other garlic extracts, only one study was performed on ototoxicity by investigating the protective efficacy on gentamicin ototoxicity. [8] Besides antioxidant effects, major effects of these molecules are neuroprotection[2223] and antiaging. [24] In many studies, protective effects were demonstrated in chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s by acting as a neuron-protective and antioxidant agent.…”

“…[567] S -allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC) and diallyl disulfide (DADS) were shown to have antioxidants properties. [8] In this present study, we aimed to evaluate the protective effects of SAMC, DADS, and vitamin B 12 on inner ear function and morphology after being exposed to long-period and high-level broadband noise.…”

Chemistry of aged garlic: Diversity of constituents in aged garlic extract and their production mechanisms via the combination of chemical and enzymatic reactions (Review)

“…SAMC has been reported to possess useful biological properties, such as hepatoprotective effects, anti-ototoxicity and anticancer effects (38)(39)(40)(41). However, SAMC quickly disappeared when it was mixed with blood (26).…”