“…Development of behavioral sensitization, defined as an enhanced systemic reaction to the same dose of morphine or any other addictive substance, occurs in response to continuous and intermittent administration of these drugs in rodents ( Lv et al, 2019 ; Reisi, Bani-Ardalan, Zarepour, & Haghparast, 2014 ; Vezina & Leyton, 2009 ). Several neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are involved in opioid-induced behavioral sensitization, including dopamine ( Charmchi, Zendehdel, & Haghparast, 2016 ), glutamate ( Sepehrizadeh, Sahebgharani, Ahmadi, Shapourabadi, Bozchlou, & Zarrindast, 2008 ), serotonin ( Pang et al, 2016 ), and orexin ( Łupina et al, 2018 ; Razavi, Karimi, Bani-Ardalan, & Haghparast, 2014 ). The Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) play a predominant role in developing morphine sensitization via dopamine receptor activation ( Reisi et al, 2014 ).…”