The effect of food deprivation on cigarette smoking in females

Kendzor, Darla E.; Baillie, Lauren E.; Adams, Claire; Stewart, David; Copeland, Amy L.

doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.008

Cited by 13 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…A larger study testing four types of six-day diets found—compared with a normal diet—slightly higher ad libitum smoking and expired breath carbon monoxide levels (CO) with a low-calorie/ balanced diet and slightly higher CO with a low carbohydrate, low calorie diet (Cheskin et al 2005). Another small study (Zacny and de Wit 1990) and a larger study of females (Kendzor et al 2008) found that CO levels, but not ad libitum smoking, were higher in a 24-hour food deprived condition, compared to normal food intake.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Nicotine and food deprivation decrease the ability to resist smoking

et al. 2010

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Rationale Attempts to simultaneously control food intake and smoking may lead to smoking cessation failure. We sought to model this relationship using a human laboratory paradigm of smoking lapse behavior. Objectives We examined the combined effect of food and nicotine deprivation, compared to nicotine deprivation alone, on the ability to resist smoking and on subsequent ad libitum smoking. Methods In a between-subjects design, daily smokers (N = 30) were all deprived of nicotine for 18 hours and were either food deprived (12 hrs) or not during a laboratory session. Following exposure to individualized food cues, participants had the option of initiating tobacco self-administration or delaying up to 50 minutes in exchange for monetary reinforcement. Subsequently, the tobacco self-administration period consisted of one-hour in which participants could choose to smoke or receive monetary reinforcement for cigarettes not smoked. Results Smokers who had been deprived of food and nicotine smoked their first cigarette sooner and were more likely to smoke at some point during the laboratory session, compared to those who were only nicotine deprived. Those who were food and nicotine deprived smoked slightly more cigarettes than those who were nicotine deprived only, although this difference was not statistically significant. There were no sex differences in outcomes. Hunger and food craving ratings while trying to resist smoking were greater in the food + nicotine deprived group. Tobacco craving was predictive of outcome in both conditions. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that food deprivation can undermine a smoker’s ability to resist smoking.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Nicotine and food deprivation decrease the ability to resist smoking

et al. 2010

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“…Perhaps the urge to smoke was reduced by low or no intake of cigarettes, and in addition of application of slow release of nicotine patch. On the other hand, previous studies (alsene et al 2003;Kendzor et al 2008;leeman et al 2010) found that food deprivation or calorie restriction increases the craving towards cigarettes, and another study commented that this event could be hard for Muslim smokers to stop smoking abruptly in Ramadan (aveyard et al 2011). Nicotine patch application during prolonged fasting could avert this event from happening as self-reports of craving was statistically significant and declined gradually over time from first week till fourth week of cessation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…however, the remaining time especially after the breaking of fast provides an opportunity for them to continue smoking at night to restore their nicotine dependency. This might be happening due to absence of food intake during the daytime which may increase smokers' nicotine hunger (Cheskin et al 2005;Kendzor et al 2008). Thus, providing support via behavioural approach and pharmacotherapy is needed to control their smoking habit after breaking the fast.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies have demonstrated the negative effects of mood, mental performance, alertness ,irritability, tiredness, being unwilling to work and headache with sleep deprivation during fasting (Karaagaoglu and yucecan 2000;Kendzor et al 2008;Waterhouse et al 2009). Conversely, a study reported that fasting has been helpful in minimising emotional level such as stress, anxiety and depression (Koushali et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Time Course of Cigarette Withdrawal Symptoms while Using Nicotine Patch during Ramadan

Maarof

Ali

Makmor‐Bakry

et al. 2018

JSKM

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Previous studies explain the time course of withdrawal symptoms among smokers pre and post quit attempt, either with or without the help of medication. Studies showed that male Muslim smokers could quit smoking during Ramadan since fasting relate to the changes in psychosomatic, daily activities and nicotine withdrawal symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the time course of withdrawal symptoms among smokers who used nicotine patch to quit smoking during fasting in Ramadan. A total of 40 eligible Muslim males who tried to quit smoking was selected and provided with smoking cessation counseling for the duration of 8 to 10 weeks while on nicotine patch. Participants level of withdrawal symptoms was recorded by using nine items of Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale over a period of 60 days. Participant's carbon monoxide reading and body weight were measured within six months including pre and post-Ramadan fasting. Over four weeks of the fasting month, the measured withdrawal symptoms such as urge to smoke (P ≤ 0.001), depressed mood (P ≤ 0.001), irritability/frustration or anger (P ≤ 0.05), anxiety (P ≤ 0.05), difficulty concentrating(P ≤ 0.001), restlessness (P ≤ 0.001), difficulty going to sleep (P ≤ 0.001) and impatient (P ≤ 0.05) significantly decreased except appetite by the end of week 4. Time course analyses demonstrated that all outcome measures showed good effects during cessation in fasting month. The point prevalence abstinence at first month of quitting was 67.5% which is higher in fasting month. This has shown positive clinical implications in managing smoking cessation program during Ramadan with the aid of nicotine patch.

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“…Furthermore, most supported cessation attempts involve medication, but many Muslims believe that Ramadan precludes oral medication during daylight, meaning that oral nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is inappropriate and so, perhaps, is varenicline and bupropion. Abstaining from food increases the urge to smoke [8,9], which might make Ramadan a more difficult time to stop smoking abruptly. Finally, forced abstinence in itself does not lead to permanent cessation in most people [10,11].…”

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confidence: 99%

Promoting smoking cessation through smoking reduction during Ramadan

et al. 2011

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Promoting smoking cessation through smoking reduction during Ramadana dd_3432 1379..1380Ramadan restricts smoking and leads to reduction. Recent research on reduction has focused upon using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) as a substitute for missed cigarettes and behavioural approaches have been neglected, despite evidence of efficacy. Ramadan reminds us of the need to harness these natural experiments to enhance smoking reduction and hence cessation.Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, marks the period when Muslims fast during daylight hours to learn patience, humility, sacrifice, self-restraint and, above all, God-consciousness. It is a time of increased devotion to God and spiritual renewal. During the month, Muslims should not eat, drink (any liquid) or smoke from dawn to dusk. In the United Kingdom, there is a national smoking cessation service that has ambitious targets for throughput and a responsibility to reach all ethnic groups. Many public health authorities have used the start of Ramadan as a spur to encourage smoking cessation [1,2], using several lines of reasoning. Enforced abstinence from smoking during daylight will engender withdrawal for many regular smokers [3]. With sustained abstinence withdrawal will subside, but not with continued smoking during darkness, so the period of Ramadan is uncomfortable for many smokers unless they become totally abstinent. Secondly, lapsing during a quit attempt makes achieving prolonged abstinence much less likely [4], and the prohibition against smoking during the day and the absence of others smoking could assist the quit attempt [5]. Thirdly, the element of spiritual renewal could lead to changes in a person's sense of self that might bolster cessation success. Gonzales et al. reported that nine out of 10 smokers in Oregon, United States, had previously believed or currently recognized some higher power [6]. Three-quarters of smokers reported believing that drawing upon spirituality could be helpful when quitting, and the same proportion felt that smoking cessation counsellors should encourage smokers to do so in clinics. This is similar to the treatment of other addictions where discussion of spiritual resources is common, for example, in Alcoholics Anonymous [7].There are, however, potential disadvantages to encouraging abrupt cessation at the start of Ramadan. Chief among these is that few Muslims take the opportunity to attend smoking cessation clinics. It is possible that our current focus on cessation at the expense of the perhaps more achievable target of smoking reduction is alienating those who might otherwise engage. Whether unassisted attempts at cessation are common is not known, and whether they are more successful at this time is also unknown. Furthermore, most supported cessation attempts involve medication, but many Muslims believe that Ramadan precludes oral medication during daylight, meaning that oral nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is inappropriate and so, perhaps, is varenicline and bupropion. Abstaining from food inc...

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The effect of food deprivation on cigarette smoking in females

Cited by 13 publications

References 36 publications

Nicotine and food deprivation decrease the ability to resist smoking

Nicotine and food deprivation decrease the ability to resist smoking

Time Course of Cigarette Withdrawal Symptoms while Using Nicotine Patch during Ramadan

Promoting smoking cessation through smoking reduction during Ramadan

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