THE EFFECT OF FINELY DIVIDED MATERIAL ON THE FREEZING POINTS OF WATER, BENZENE AND NITROBENZENE.<sup>1</sup>

Parker, F. W.

doi:10.1021/ja01438a005

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Salmon and Flemming (29) also noted that cold resistance could be increased in cereals by first slightly wilting the plants. Other investigators, including Beach and Allen (3), Kiesselbach and Ratcliff (I'S), Johnson (r3, 14), Parker (25), Shutt (3o), and Wiegand (32), found that hardiness was associated with a 'relatively low water content of the tissue.…”

Section: Soil Moisture Contentmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of Date of Seeding of Winter Wheat on Plant Development and its Relationship to Winterhardiness¹

Janssen

1929

Agronomy Journal

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Section: Soil Moisture Contentmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of Date of Seeding of Winter Wheat on Plant Development and its Relationship to Winterhardiness¹

Janssen

1929

Agronomy Journal

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“…A portion of the results are presented here, but for a more detailed discussion of the procedure and results the reader is referred to another article (20).…”

Section: The Freezing-point Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods of Studying the Concentration and Composition of the Soil Solution

Parker¹

1921

Soil Science

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A more exact knowledge of the soil solution is desirable for the study of many of the problems of soil fertility and related subjects. The purpose of the present investigation was to study some of the methods which have been used in determining the concentration and composition of the soil solution and to compare the results obtained by the different methods.The methods which have been used may be classified into groups as follows:(a) Methods involving extraction with comparatively large amounts of water.(b) Methods which aim to obtain the true soil solution.(c) Methods which aim to measure the concentration of the soil solution directly in the soil.The water-extraction method has been widely used and possesses many advantages.The greatest criticism of the method is that the addition of a large quantity of water alters the equilibrium in the soil. It undoubtedly has a solvent effect and may also cause a precipitation of some of the material in solution due to an alteration in the nature of the solvent. The quantity of salts obtained depends upon a number of factors. Mitscherlich (17) has shown the effect of the C02 content of the water, the time of extraction, and the ratio of soil to water on the quantity of material extracted.

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“…Data are available on the freezing point of moist soils {23, 24,52,77,114)• Some authors have made no attempt to interpret their findings in terms of thermodynamic equations. Although certain others have con sidered this aspect of the problem, further analysis appears necessary.…”

Section: Previous Quantitative Interpretation Of Freezing-point Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some, including Parker (114) y believe that aside from dissolved ma terial present, colloidal material produces a freezing-point depression not because it is in solution, but because it is surrounded by an adsorptive force field that compresses the capillary water films and that therefore increases the freezing-point depression.…”

Section: Need For Introducing the Concept Of An Adsorptive Force Fielmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics of soil moisture

Edlefsen¹,

Anderson²

1943

Hilg

485

223

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The equality between the free energies of several coexistent phases 94 23. Effect of temperature on the free energy 98 24. The effect of osmotic pressure on the free energy of a liquid 100 25. The effect of pressure on the free energy of liquids and gases 103 26. Effect of a force field on the free energy of water 106 [ i ] 11 Contents PAGE THERMODYNAMIC INTERRELATIONS AMONG THE PROPERTIES OF SOIL MOISTURE 27. Relation between the changes of pressure ΔΡ and temperature AT if two pure phases are to remain in equilibrium-Clausius-Clapeyron equation.. 28. Dependence of the free energy of a liquid Δ/ on the hydrostatic pressure ΔΡ as measured by its freezing-point depression AT 29. Relation between the changes of pressure ΔΡ and temperature AT for a solution to remain in equilibrium with the solid phase of the pure solvent 30. Generalized treatment of the effect of pressure on the freezing point, and its application to relatively moist soils-generalized Clausius-Clapeyron equation 31. Dependence of the free energy of a solvent Δ/ on the amount of dissolved material as measured by its freezing-point depression AT 32. Dependence of the free energy of a liquid surface possessing a surface tension σ on its area A 33. Dependence of the free energy of a liquid on its surface tension and its radius of curvature 34. Dependence of the free energy of the solvent of a solution on the amount of dissolved material present v/35. Dependence of the osmotic pressure of a solution on the amount of solute present-van't Hoff's law of osmotic pressure 36. Dependence of the vapor pressure of the solvent of a solution on the amount of dissolved material present 37. Dependence of atmospheric pressure on height 38. Dependence of the freezing point of a dilute solution on the mol fraction of solute present 39. A datum for free energy and the dependence of the latter on vapor pressure 40. Relation between the hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure of a pure solvent and a solution when the two are at equilibrium 41. Dependence of the vapor pressure of a liquid on the hydrostatic pressure in the liquid 42. Dependence of the hydrostatic pressure in a liquid on its surface tension and its radius of curvature 43. Effect of surface tension and radius of curvature of the air-water interface on the vapor pressure of soil moisture 44. Comparison of free energy with other thermodynamic functions having properties similar to free energy 45. Thomson, or Gibbs-Helmholtz, equation 46. Relation between surface tension, total surface energy per unit area, and temperature KINETIC THEORY OF SOIL MOISTURE 47. Dependence of the properties of soil moisture on the velocities and energies of the individual molecules 48. Meanings of terms to be used in the statistical analysis of molecular ve locities and energies Contents iii PAGE 49. Molecular statistics 50. Relation between the entropy s and the thermodynamic probability W.. 51. Relation between the entropy s of a system at equilibrium and the internal energy e n of the different molecules 177 52. Relation of t...

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THE EFFECT OF FINELY DIVIDED MATERIAL ON THE FREEZING POINTS OF WATER, BENZENE AND NITROBENZENE.¹

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of Date of Seeding of Winter Wheat on Plant Development and its Relationship to Winterhardiness¹

Effect of Date of Seeding of Winter Wheat on Plant Development and its Relationship to Winterhardiness¹

Methods of Studying the Concentration and Composition of the Soil Solution

Thermodynamics of soil moisture

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THE EFFECT OF FINELY DIVIDED MATERIAL ON THE FREEZING POINTS OF WATER, BENZENE AND NITROBENZENE.1

Cited by 7 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of Date of Seeding of Winter Wheat on Plant Development and its Relationship to Winterhardiness1

Effect of Date of Seeding of Winter Wheat on Plant Development and its Relationship to Winterhardiness1

Methods of Studying the Concentration and Composition of the Soil Solution

Thermodynamics of soil moisture

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

THE EFFECT OF FINELY DIVIDED MATERIAL ON THE FREEZING POINTS OF WATER, BENZENE AND NITROBENZENE.¹

Effect of Date of Seeding of Winter Wheat on Plant Development and its Relationship to Winterhardiness¹

Effect of Date of Seeding of Winter Wheat on Plant Development and its Relationship to Winterhardiness¹