The Effect of Filler Loading on Curing and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/recycled Rubber Powder Blends

Ismail, Hanafi; Nordin, Rumaizah Mohd; Noor, Ahmad Md.

doi:10.1080/00914030390224256

Cited by 21 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs, shown in Figure 4, revealed that the CF resins were uniformly dispersed in the matrix. It is believed that a uniform dispersion of fillers improves the degree of reinforcement 13. However, the tensile strength decreased when the amount of the CF resins was increased because the rubber compounds were too dry and thus it was too difficult to form a continuous phase.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of cardanol–formaldehyde resins from cashew nut shell liquid for the reinforcement of natural rubber

Chuayjuljit

Rattanametangkool

Potiyaraj

2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Natural rubber was reinforced with a high loading of a cardanol-formaldehyde resin prepared from cashew nut shell liquid. Cardanol-formaldehyde resins, both resoles and novolaks, were synthesized from cardanol, which was extracted from cashew nut shells. This was done by the condensation polymerization of cardanol and formaldehyde in the presence of base and acid catalysts. The cardanol-formaldehyde resole with the highest yield (ca. 75%) was prepared with a formaldehyde/cardanol molar ratio of 2.0 at pH 8.0 and 908C for 8 h. The cardanol-formaldehyde novolak with the highest yield (ca. 80%) was prepared with a formaldehyde/cardanol molar ratio of 0.8 at pH 2.2 and 1008C for 7 h. Fourier transform infrared and 13 C-NMR were employed to characterize the chemical structures of the obtained cardanol-formaldehyde resins. The resins were compatible with natural rubber in various formulations. The cured behaviors of natural rubber blended with the cardanol-formaldehyde resole and novolak resins were investigated. The cured behaviors of cardanol-formaldehyde resole and cardanol-formaldehyde novolak samples were different, reflecting differences in their chemical reactivities. Furthermore, the incorporation of cardanol-formaldehyde resins into natural rubber provided significant improvements in mechanical properties such as the hardness, tensile strength, modulus at 100 and 300% elongation, and abrasion resistance. However, the elongation at break and compression set of the blends decreased as expected.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of cardanol–formaldehyde resins from cashew nut shell liquid for the reinforcement of natural rubber

Chuayjuljit

Rattanametangkool

Potiyaraj

2007

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…The decreasing trend of NR/NBRr blends with and without EVA was due to lower molecular weight and the presence of reinforcing filler in the NBRr, which restricts the mobility of NR and recycled rubber chains and causes the sample to fail at lower elongation. The increase in crosslink density and noncrystallizable property of NBRr has contributed to the decrease in the elongation at break value . NR/NBRr blends with the addition of EVA had a higher value than the NR/NBRr blends without EVA.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incorporation of EVA into NR/NBRr blends improved the compatibility of the blends and had better interaction between blends, thus being able to elongate at higher strain. This was due to the orientation of the crystalline regions of EVA in the direction of elongation .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ethylene vinyl acetate as compatibilizer on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of (natural rubber)/(Recycled acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber) blends

Ahmad

Ismail

Azura

2015

Vinyl Additive Technology

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Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) has been used as a compatibilizer for (natural rubber)/(recycled acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber) (NR/NBRr) blends, vulcanized by sulfur. EVA offers excellent heat, ozone, and weather resistance, whereas the vinyl acetate groups provide oil resistance to the blend. It exhibits good tear resistance and may be crosslinked. However, EVA exhibits poor low‐temperature flexibility. NBR gloves have excellent resistance to punctures, tears, and many types of chemicals, while NR has good physical and mechanical properties. NR/NBRr blends were prepared with various compositions with the EVA content fixed. Tensile properties, hardness, and swelling behavior tests were performed to determine the compatibility of NR/NBRr blends in the presence of EVA. Results indicated that incorporation of EVA into NR/NBRr blends improved tensile strength, modulus, and elongation at break compared with NR/NBRr blends without EVA. The improvement in hardness and reduction in resilience on compatibilization are due to an increase in crosslink density, which gives NR/NBRr blends better swelling resistance. Scanning electron microscopy of the fracture surfaces indicates that, with the addition of EVA in NR/NBRr blends, better adhesion between NR and NBRr was obtained, thus improving the compatibility of NR/NBRr blends. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 23:135–141, 2017. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers

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“…It is well-known that the degree of reinforcement is a combination of many factors, such as effects of physical [22][23][24][25] and chemical attachments [26,27] between rubber chains molecules and sites of functional groups as well as sites of free radicals which found on carbon black surfaces [28]. However, some divergent views are also prevalent between the researchers in the discussion of this issue.…”

Section: Chemical Resistance Of Nr/sbr Rubber Blends For Surfaces Cormentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical resistance of NR/SBR rubber blends for surfaces corrosion protection of metallic tanks in petrochemical industries

Braihi

Jawad

Kadhum

et al. 2020

Koroze a Ochrana Materialu

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In this work, a series of Natural Rubber (NR)/Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) blends were formulated to protect metallic petrochemical storage tanks from corrosive media. Therefore, these blends tested against a 10% HCl solution for 72 hr at room temperature. Blends series were prepared with different ratios of NR/SBR; 25/75, 30/70, 35/65, 40/60, 45/55, 50/50, and 55/45. Three types of carbon black (N-330, N-660, and N-762) were added individually to the 45/55 blend. Hardness, tensile strength, modulus, and elongation properties were tested before and after immersion in the 10% HCl attack media. All these mechanical properties decreased after immersion action accept hardness property. Up to 45 phr NR content, the hardness increased linearly independent on immersion action, but HCl immersion gives higher hardness values. Tensile strength increased up to 40 phr NR content with and without immersion and the immersion action decreased tensile values. The highest elongation value obtained with 35/65 blend with and without immersion. The 45 phr NR content gives the higher modulus, while the lowest value obtained with the 30 phhr content. For 45/55 blend, the hardness increased as the carbon black particle size decreased and immersion action gives higher hardness values. The tensile strength decreased linearly with the carbon black surface area, while with the medium surface area, the highest modulus and lowest elongation obtained.

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The Effect of Filler Loading on Curing and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/recycled Rubber Powder Blends

Cited by 21 publications

References 12 publications

Preparation of cardanol–formaldehyde resins from cashew nut shell liquid for the reinforcement of natural rubber

Preparation of cardanol–formaldehyde resins from cashew nut shell liquid for the reinforcement of natural rubber

Ethylene vinyl acetate as compatibilizer on cure characteristics and mechanical properties of (natural rubber)/(Recycled acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber) blends

Chemical resistance of NR/SBR rubber blends for surfaces corrosion protection of metallic tanks in petrochemical industries

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