The Effect of Filler Content and Size on the Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Oil Palm Wood Flour Composites

Zaini, M. J.; Fuad, M. Y. Ahmad; Ismail, Zarini; Mansor, M. S.; Mustafah, J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(199605)40:1<51::aid-pi514>3.0.co;2-i

Cited by 166 publications

(34 citation statements)

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“…[10] Compared with inorganic whiskers, whiskers from renewable resources have advantages such as renewability, low cost, easy availability, good biocompatibility and easy modification chemically and mechanically. [11] Cellulose is the most abundant and renewable biopolymer provided by nature. [12] Its low crystalline region can be dissolved away by acid hydrolysis, while the water-insoluble, highly crystalline region can be converted into a stable suspension by mechanical shearing.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Cellulose Whiskers on Properties of Soy Protein Thermoplastics

Wang

Cao

Zhang

2006

Macromolecular Bioscience

209

110

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Environmentally-friendly SPI/cellulose whisker composites were successfully prepared using a colloidal suspension of cellulose whiskers, to reinforce soy protein isolate (SPI) plastics. The cellulose whiskers, having an average length of 1.2 microm and diameter of 90 nm, respectively, were prepared from cotton linter pulp by hydrolyzing with sulfuric acid aqueous solution. The effects of the whisker content on the morphology and properties of the glycerol-plasticized SPI composites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, water-resistivity testing and tensile testing. The results indicated that, with the addition of 0 to 30 wt.-% of cellulose whiskers, strong interactions occurred both between the whiskers and between the filler and the SPI matrix, reinforcing the composites and preserving their biodegradability. Both the tensile strength and Young's modulus of the SPI/cellulose whisker composites increased from 5.8 to 8.1 MPa and from 44.7 to 133.2 MPa, respectively, at a relative humidity of 43%, following an increase of the whisker content from 0 to 30 wt.-%. Furthermore, the incorporation of the cellulose whiskers into the SPI matrix led to an improvement in the water resistance for the SPI-based composites.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Effects of Cellulose Whiskers on Properties of Soy Protein Thermoplastics

Wang

Cao

Zhang

2006

Macromolecular Bioscience

209

110

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“…According to recent research, the use of agricultural filler products and industrial waste has increased; in fact, they are good alternatives for conventional mineral fillers (Nawang et al 2000;Ismail et al 2002). These materials were considered because of their low price as well as their environmental and industrial benefits (Zaini et al 1996;Ismail et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Evaluation of the Bending Strength, Impact Strength, and Morphological Properties of Wheat Straw Fiber/Paper Mill Sludge/Polypropylene Composites

Khademieslam¹,

Kalagar²

2016

BioResources

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Composite production of polypropylene polymers was considered in this work as the matrix, filled with the fiber of wheat straw and paper mill sludge; different ratios were evaluated relative to their potential as reinforcement materials. Maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAAP) was used at 3% by weight. The bending modulus of elasticity of the composites significantly increased with both types of filler. The highest bending modulus of the composites was found with 40% of paper mill sludge. Using 40% wheat straw fiber decreased bending strength, but the addition of paper mill sludge increased bending strength. The highest bending strength of the composites related to polypropylene/10% of wheat straw fiber and 30% of paper mill sludge. In terms of impact strength, the use of paper mill sludge had a higher impact on strength than wheat straw fiber composites. The inclusion of MAPP improved the mechanical properties of all composites. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the composite paper mill sludge improved the adhesion and dispersion of the filler (paper mill sludge/fiber paper instead of wheat) in the matrix.

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“…The decrease in impact strength after addition of lignocellulosic fillers was also reported by Amintowlieh et al, Kiziltas, Xu, and Ozen et al for wheat straw, MCC, alpha cellulose and natural fibers blend-filled nylon 6 composites [6,16,17,39]. Increasing lignocellulosic filler content increases the amount of interfacial regions which can cause crack propagation and addition of these lignocellulosic fillers might cause polymer immobility, and that can contribute to lower impact strength [40]. Using heat treated wood produced composites with lower impact strength, but the difference between composites consisting of untreated and heat treated wood was only significant at a high filler loading (30 wt.%).…”

Section: Mechanical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 84%