The effect of fetal sex on customized fetal growth charts

Rizzo, Giuseppe; Prefumo, Federico; Ferrazzi, Enrico; Zanardini, C.; Martino, Daniela Di; Boito, Simona; Aiello, Elisa; Ghi, T.

doi:10.3109/14767058.2016.1149565

Cited by 32 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Our data showed that female infants have significantly lower birth weight compared with male infants at the same gestational age. This finding was also observed in other studies 10, 12, 32 , and recently, a preterm growth chart for each sex has been provided 33 . Many previous studies that reported sex difference were stratified by birth weight 14, 15 , which might lead to the comparison of more mature female infants with less mature male infants, resulting in female advantage for survival.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Gestational age-specific sex difference in mortality and morbidities of preterm infants: A nationwide study

Shim

Cho

Kong

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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This study aims to determine whether male sex has adverse effect on mortality and morbidities in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI) <30 weeks of gestation and to ascertain this sex effect, stratified by gestational age, adjusting for perinatal risk factors. This is a population-based study from Korean Neonatal Network for VLBWI born at 23+0 and 29+6 weeks of gestation between January 2013 and December 2014. The primary outcome was gestation-specific sex difference in the occurrence of mortality, combined morbidities, and individual morbidity. A total of 2228 VLBWI were enrolled (males, 51.7%). Mortality was not different between sexes. The risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia and combined morbidities was significantly higher in males ≤25 weeks of gestation (odds ratio [OR] 2.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.35–3.20 and OR 2.00, CI 1.19–3.39, respectively). Males had a significantly higher incidence of periventricular leukomalacia at 23 and 29 weeks of gestation. The risk of severe retinopathy of prematurity was higher in females >25 weeks of gestation. Although both sexes have similar risk for mortality, male sex remains an independent risk for major morbidities, especially at ≤25 weeks of gestation. The risk of each outcome for males has a specific pattern with increasing gestational age.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Gestational age-specific sex difference in mortality and morbidities of preterm infants: A nationwide study

Shim

Cho

Kong

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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“…24 Similar associations between maternal-child BMI and paternal-child BMI at 3 years have been reported; 25 and as others, 26 they questioned the contribution by the intrauterine environment and suggested that prevention of childhood adiposity will benefit more from postnatal than prenatal intervention. 25 The role of ethnicity is not clear, as a small effect on fetal biometry is reported in some studies, 20,21 the large Intergrowth-21st study found no effect of ethnicity after adjustment for socioeconomic confounders, 27 which supports the Barker hypothesis. 1,2 There is some disagreement about the mechanism behind maternal constraint and possible explanations that have been suggested are: (1) maternal regulation of fetal nutrition, (2) maternal hormone regulation, or (3) cytoplasmic inheritance.…”

Section: 339mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…[20][21][22][23][24][25] In a retrospective multicenter study, paternal and maternal height and maternal weight were associated with fetal HC, AC and FL. 20,21 In the Intergrowth-21st study, fathers of infants born large-for-gestational-age were taller and heavier but they had similar BMI. 22 Paternal height predicted large-for-gestational-age in boys and girls, but paternal BMI was not associated with greater odds ratio…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of maternal and paternal height and weight on antenatal, perinatal and postnatal morphology in sex‐stratified analyses

Skåren

Davies

Bjørnerem

2019

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand

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“…A male to female gender ratio effect can be excluded as other body parameters (i.e., FL and AC) are in the normal range. In the normal population, enhanced male fetal growth is reported to involve both head and body parameters (Rizzo et al, ). For comparison, French norms, edited by the French College of Fetal Ultrasound which also publishes the national guidelines, were used for fetal biometry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Autism is a prenatal disorder: Evidence from late gestation brain overgrowth

et al. 2018

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This retrospective study aimed to specify the critical period for atypical brain development in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) using prenatal and postnatal head growth parameters. The sample consisted of 80 Caucasian, unrelated, idiopathic patients with ASD born after 1995. Fetal ultrasound parameters (head circumference [HC], abdominal circumference, and femur length) were obtained during the second and third trimesters of gestation. HC at birth and postnatal parameters at 12 and 24 months of age were also collected. Head overgrowth, assessed by HC, was highlighted during the second (20-26 weeks of amenorrhea) and third (28-36 weeks of amenorrhea) trimesters. Normal growth of body fetal parameters indicated that head overgrowth was not because of overall body overgrowth. Moreover, postnatal results replicated previously and reported head overgrowth. A critical time window for atypical brain development in autism is hypothesized to begin from the 22nd week of amenorrhea. This period is critical for cortical lamination and glial activation. A pathophysiological cascade is suggested with interactions between candidate genes and environmental factors.Lay Summary: It is now widely acknowledged in the scientific community, that autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Recent evidence from animal and pathological studies has implicated the in utero period. However, the precise time of onset of abnormal brain development remains unknown. This retrospective study reports novel findings, identifying an atypical head growth trajectory in children with autism, during the in utero period (after the 22nd week of amenorrhea). In the same children, postnatal head overgrowth was also observed. Late gestation is identified as a critical period for atypical brain development underlying autism symptoms.

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The effect of fetal sex on customized fetal growth charts

Cited by 32 publications

References 21 publications

Gestational age-specific sex difference in mortality and morbidities of preterm infants: A nationwide study

Gestational age-specific sex difference in mortality and morbidities of preterm infants: A nationwide study

The effect of maternal and paternal height and weight on antenatal, perinatal and postnatal morphology in sex‐stratified analyses

Autism is a prenatal disorder: Evidence from late gestation brain overgrowth

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