The effect of feeding level and physiological status on total flow and amino acid composition of endogenous protein at the distal ileum in swine.

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of BW, feed intake, and the physiological condition of the animal on the loss and amino acid composition of endogenous protein in swine. Ten growing barrows and five multiparous sows were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum for digesta collection. A protein-free diet was fed to all animals. The barrows were given free access to the experimental diet. The sows also were allowed to consume the diet on an ad libitum basis, and digesta were collected during lactation and in the following gestation period. In addition, digesta from the gravid sows were collected after restricting the sows to 2 kg of feed per day. For each animal group, the endogenous losses of protein and amino acids were calculated in relation to DMI, and the amino acid composition of endogenous protein was calculated. The total endogenous gut protein loss at the distal ileum of growing pigs, lactating sows, and gestating sows, given free access to feed, was 12.4, 9.4, and 11.2 g/kg DMI, respectively. These values were not different (P > .10). However, when gestating sows were fed only 2 kg/d, 17.8 g of endogenous protein was lost per kilogram of DMI, which was higher (P < .05) than for any of the other groups. This difference was mainly caused by higher (P < .05) losses of glycine, proline, and serine. There were no differences (P > .05) in amino acid composition of endogenous protein between growing pigs, lactating sows, and gestating sows given free access to feed, but restricted-fed gestating sows had an amino acid composition of endogenous protein that was significantly different from that of the other groups. The results from the experiment showed that age, BW, and the physiological condition of the animal have little or no effect on the amount of endogenous protein and amino acids lost at the distal ileum of hogs if calculated in relation to DMI. Likewise, the amino acid composition was not affected by the BW or physiological condition of the animal. However, DMI had a significant effect on endogenous protein losses in sows as well as on amino acid composition of endogenous protein.

Evaluation through literature data on standardized ileal digestibility and basal ileal endogenous loss of amino acids associated with barley in pigs

“…On the other hand, Stein et al (1999) and Jansman et al (2002) found significantly lower (95% confidence intervals) IAA end values for Leu, Phe and Trp than those determined in this analysis. Furthermore, mean IAA end values (except for Arg, Thr, Trp, Gly) in the present study where higher compared with the corresponding IAA end in the studies of Stein et al (1999) and Dolešová et al (2009). In conclusion, large standard deviations for IAA end obtained in the present study reflect considerable variation in IAA end between the studies included in the meta-analysis.…”

“…Fan and Sauer (2002) reported even significantly higher (95% confidence intervals) IAA end values for Arg, Ile, Met, Thr, Val, Asp, Gly and Pro compared with those of the present study. On the other hand, Stein et al (1999) and Jansman et al (2002) found significantly lower (95% confidence intervals) IAA end values for Leu, Phe and Trp than those determined in this analysis. Furthermore, mean IAA end values (except for Arg, Thr, Trp, Gly) in the present study where higher compared with the corresponding IAA end in the studies of Stein et al (1999) and Dolešová et al (2009).…”

“…The database A database containing AID of CP and AA in 38 barley samples for pigs was extracted from a total of 26 peer-reviewed papers with data on AID of CP and AA in barley including studies of Baidoo and Liu (1998) (3);De Lange et al (1990) (1); Fan et al (1993) (1); Fan and Sauer (1995) (1); Fan and Sauer (2002) (6); Fernández-Fígares et al (2008) (1) ;Fuller et al (1994) (1); Furuya and Kaji (1991) (1); Green et al (1987) (1); Ige et al (2010) (2); Jørgensen et al (1997) (2); Lin et al (1987) (1); Nitrayová et al (2006) (1); Nyachoti et al (1997) (1); Pedersen et al (2007) (1); Perttilä et al (2002) (1); Reverter and Lindberg (1998) (1); Rowan and Lawrence (1986) (1); Sauer et al (1977) (1); Sauer et al (1981) (4); Schröder et al (1989) (1); Stein et al (1999) (1); Taverner et al (1981b) (1); Yin et al (1993) (1); Yin et al (2001a) (1) and Yin et al (2002) (1) (number of barley samples per study is given in brackets). The selection of these peer-reviewed papers was based on several criteria including (1) complete information on diet composition; (2) complete information on CP and AA contents of the diet and (or) barley; (3) use of barley as the only source of protein in the diet; (4) diets being devoid of feed additives.…”

Effect of pig bodyweight on ileal amino acid endogenous losses after ingestion of a protein-free diet enriched in pea inner fibre isolates

“…Bastianelli [9] compiled 105 literature data and found a poor relationship (r = -0.16) between pig BW and ENL, expressed per kg DMI, compared to that obtained between ENL and DMI (r = 0.56). Moreover, Stein et al [5] did not observe any significant difference in ENL between pigs weighing 112 and 215 kg. However, in a recent literature review, the same authors [10] suggested that ENL are higher in young pigs and that the BW effect decreases rapidly as BW increases.…”

“…However, ENL may also be affected by other factors. In some studies, pig bodyweight (BW) has little or no effect on the ENL [4,5] whereas 408 P. Leterme, A. Théwis in others, a significant effect has been found [6]. According to the current data available, ENL are proportional to BW when DMI is lower than 70 g DM·kg -1 BW 0.75 [6,7].…”