The effect of feed ionic strength on salt passage through reverse osmosis membranes

Effects of feed solution chemistry on low pressure reverse osmosis filtration of cesium and strontium

“…The counter-ion of solution is present in the membrane at a higher concentration than that of the co-ion because of electrostatic interaction. This creates a Donnan potential which could inhibit the permeation of co-ion from solution through RO membrane due to the electrostatic repulsion, resulting in the counter-ion is also rejected in order to maintain electroneutrality [18,33]. In addition, the Donnan's effect governs the permeability which closely relates to the hydrated ionic radius of solutes [23], and the lower permeability counter-ion has higher rejection in balancing the Donnan potential.…”

Analysis of reverse osmosis membrane performance during desalination of simulated brackish surface waters

“…Also, brackish water membranes have higher salt passage rates than seawater membranes. Moreover, monovalent ions pass more readily than divalent ions (Bartels et al, 2005).…”

Modeling, control, and dynamic performance analysis of a reverse osmosis desalination plant integrated within hybrid energy systems

“…R s is a characteristic often used by RO membrane manufactures to describe membrane rejection properties. Typically, RO membranes achieve NaCl rejections of 98e99.8% [40].…”