The effect of external dummy transmitters on oxygen consumption and performance of swimming Atlantic cod

Steinhausen, M. F.; Andersen, Niels Gerner; Steffensen, John F.

doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01143.x

Cited by 31 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The study demonstrated a higher oxygen demand of tagged fish. A similar approach with small numbers of tagged and untagged cod showed a higher mass-specific oxygen consumption rate of tagged fish during swimming, indicating that there is a measurable drag effect from the tag [62], as predicted by Arnold and Holford [49]. In a study of the effect of external tagging on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Lewis and Muntz [63] used tail beat frequency, opercular beat rate, and drag measurements as indicators of swimming performance.…”

Section: Swimming Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The use of external electronic tags on fish: an evaluation of tag retention and tagging effects

et al. 2015

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External tagging of fish with electronic tags has been used for decades for a wide range of marine and freshwater species. In the early years of fish telemetry research, it was the most commonly used attachment method, but later internal implants became preferred. Recently, the number of telemetry studies using external tagging has increased, especially with the development of archival tags (data storage tags, DSTs), pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) and other environment-sensing tags. Scientific evaluations of the tagging method are rather scarce for most species. We identified 89 publications, reporting effects of external tagging for 80 different fish species, which constitute the main basis for this review. External attachment holds certain benefits compared to other tagging methods, for example, speed of application, and it may be the only option for fishes with a body shape unsuitable for surgical implantation, or when using tags with sensors recording the external environment. The most commonly reported problems with external tags are tissue damage, premature tag loss, and decreased swimming capacity, but the effects are highly context dependent and species specific. Reduced growth and survival have also been recorded, but direct mortality caused by external tagging seems rare. Most of the studies reviewed evaluate tag retention, survival, and tissue reactions. There is a general need for more research on the effects of external tagging of fish with electronic tags, but particularly there are few studies on predation risk, social interactions, and studies distinguishing capture and handling effects from tagging effects. For PSATs, especially those that are large relative to fish size, there are particular problems with a high proportion of premature tag losses, reduced swimming capacity, and likely increased predation, but there remains a paucity of tag effect studies related to the use of PSATs. Before embarking on a field study employing external tagging with electronic tags, we recommend the use of appropriate pilot studies, controlled where possible, to quantify potential impacts of tagging.

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Section: Swimming Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The use of external electronic tags on fish: an evaluation of tag retention and tagging effects

et al. 2015

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“…U opt values obtained from forced swimming experiments are often stated as being ecologically important, as fish are thought to swim close to optimum speeds during routine movements (Ware 1978;Webb 1991). However, discrepancies between the U opt value and the average routine swimming speed exist for species that are not primarily swimming steady and linear, for example, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua; Bjo¨rnsson 1993;Schurmann and Steffensen 1994;Lo¨kkeborg and Ferno¨1999;Steinhausen et al 2006). This is in accordance with the lower U opt value observed in this study for spontaneous swimming seabream compared with the seabream that were forced to swim.…”

Section: Swimming Costs At U Optmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another method is to mount specific sensors on the fish with the purpose of measuring speed (Kawabe et al 2003(Kawabe et al , 2004, changes in speed (Freadman 1981;Clark et al 2010) or turnings. However, the number of invasive sensors should be limited as it may decrease the mobility and increase the energy demand on the fish (Steinhausen et al 2006;Gollock et al 2009). A single sensor measuring either the caudal differential pressure (Webber et al 2001;Steinhausen et al 2007;Gollock et al 2009) or the electromyogram of the working muscles (Cooke et al 2004) may be suitable methods.…”

Section: Estimating Spontaneous Swimming Costmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of swimming pattern on the energy use of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurataL.)

Steinhausen

Steffensen

Andersen

2010

Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology

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Oxygen consumption (M O2 ) was measured for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) during spontaneous and forced activities. During spontaneous activity, the swimming pattern was analysed for the effect on M O2 on the average speed (U), turning rate () and change in speed (DU). All swimming characteristics contributed significantly to the source of spontaneous swimming costs, and the models explained up to 58% of the variation in M O2 : Prediction of M O2 of fish in field studies can thereby be improved if changes in speed and direction are determined in addition to swimming speed. A relationship between swimming speed and M O2 during forced activity was also established. During spontaneous activity, 2.5 times more energy was used than in forced swimming at a speed of 0.5 BL s À1. This indicates that spontaneous swimming costs may be considerably higher compared with those of a fixed swimming speed. However, comparing M O2 at the respective optimum swimming speeds with the lowest cost of transport (U opt ) resulted in similar values independent of swimming mode. This could be an important observation in estimating energetic costs of free-ranging fishes.

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“…Steinhausen et al (2006) reported that U crit decreased when a dummy tag of 37 g (~3% of body mass, BM) was externally attached to Atlantic cod. However, these authors only observed a significant effect of the tag on MO 2 at velocities greater than 0.79 BLÁs -1 and reported a decrease in U crit of 13% (untagged = 1.14 BLÁs -1 ; tagged = 0.99 BLÁs -1 ).…”

Section: (B) Comparison Of Maximum Oxygen Consumption Of Tagged (Solimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, we used DPT, with internally (intraperitoneally) implanted acoustic transmitters, to further evaluate the applicability of this technology for measuring the swimming speed and energetics of freeranging cod and to record the pattern of swimming activity of free-ranging cod in a large tank. These studies were important, as Steinhausen et al (2006) showed that placing the transmitter body of the DPT externally may increase swimming-related metabolism above 0.8 body lengths (BL)Ás -1 and decrease critical swimming speed (Steinhausen et al 2007). Further, we used ''hard-wired'' fish to examine the potential of two other physiological parameters for measuring cod swimming speed, and indirectly, oxygen consumption: (i) EMG, which has proven successful for quantifying the swimming activity of a number of freshwater fish species (Cooke et al 2004) and (ii) sonomicrometry, which measures changes in muscle length with each contraction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Potential methods for measuring the activity patterns and energy use of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Gollock

Hunter

Syme

et al. 2009

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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As there are no commercially available acoustic telemetry devices for quantifying the swimming activity and activity-related metabolic expenditures of a wide range of marine species, we (i) examined the suitability of three methods (electromyography; sonomicrometry; and tail differential pressure tags (DPT)) for measuring the swimming speed of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), and indirectly, metabolic rate (MO2) and (ii) measured the activity pattern of free-swimming cod carrying the DPT. All three methods yielded significant relationships with swim speed during a critical swimming speed (Ucrit) test. However, only the DPT was able to discern between swimming speed differences of 0.1 body lengths (BL)Ás -1 and provide a strong relationship with MO2. Further, we found that free-swimming cod fitted with the DPT swam at an average speed of 0.33 BLÁs -1 , the speed previously reported to result in minimal cost of transport for this species. While the DPT has considerable potential for assessing the bioenergetics of marine fishes, the swimming economy of tagged Atlantic cod was lower above 0.4 BLÁs -1 as compared with untagged fish, and Ucrit was reduced by 25%. These latter effects are likely related to the tag's present size (39 g) and design.Résumé : Comme il n'existe pas dans le commerce d'appareil de télémétrie acoustique pour mesurer l'activité de nage et les dépenses énergétiques reliées à l'activité chez une gamme étendue d'espèces marines, nous avons (i) examiné la valeur de trois méthodes (l'électromyographie, la sonomicrométrie et les étiquettes de queue à pression différentielle (DPT)) pour mesurer la vitesse de nage de morues franches de l'Atlantique (Gadus morhua) et indirectement leur taux de métabolisme (MO 2 ) et (ii) déterminé les patrons d'activité en nage libre de morues porteuses de DPT. Les trois méthodes fournissent toutes des relations significatives avec la vitesse de nage lors d'un test de vitesse de nage critique (U crit ). Cependant, seules les DPT permettent de distinguer entre des différences de vitesse de nage de 0,1 BLÁs -1 (longueurs du corps par seconde) et fournissent une forte relation avec MO 2 . De plus, les morues en nage libre porteuses de DPT nagent à une vitesse moyenne de 0,33 BLÁs -1 , la vitesse déterminée antérieurement comme présentant le coût minimal de transport chez cette espèce. Alors que les DPT présentent un potentiel intéressant pour mesurer les données bioénergétiques chez les poissons marins, l'économie de la nage de morues franches de l'Atlantique porteuses d'étiquettes est réduite à des vitesses supér-ieures à 0,4 BLÁs -1 par comparaison à celle de poissons sans étiquette et leur U crit diminue de 25 %. Ces effets s'expliquent vraisemblablement par la taille actuelle (39 g) et la configuration des étiquettes.[Traduit par la Rédaction]

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The effect of external dummy transmitters on oxygen consumption and performance of swimming Atlantic cod

Cited by 31 publications

References 21 publications

The use of external electronic tags on fish: an evaluation of tag retention and tagging effects

The use of external electronic tags on fish: an evaluation of tag retention and tagging effects

The effects of swimming pattern on the energy use of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurataL.)

Potential methods for measuring the activity patterns and energy use of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

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