The effect of expander processing and screen size on nutrient digestibility, growth performance, selected faecal microbial populations and faecal volatile fatty acid concentrations in grower–finisher pigs

In a field study with fattening pigs, effects of feed particle size at the dietary presence of organic acids on Salmonella prevalence were measured. On two farms (f1/f2), each holding ∼800 pigs, diets based on finely ground (control) or coarsely ground ingredients (experiment) were fed as crumbs. On f1 both control and experimental grower and finisher diets contained identical concentrations of formic and propionic acid (0.4% and 0.2% respectively). On f2 only finisher diet of the experimental group contained 1.2% potassium diformate. At the start of the fattening period no statistical differences were measured between Salmonella prevalence in animals fed control and experimental diets on both farms. At slaughter Salmonella prevalence in caecal contents was lower (p < 0.05) on f1 in animals fed the experimental diet. Furthermore, the number of seronegative meat juice samples taken from these animals [optical density (OD) <10] was higher (p < 0.001); seropositive as well as distinct seropositive samples (OD ≥20 and ≥40 respectively) were less frequent (p < 0.01) compared to samples from animals fed the control diet. Feeding the experimental diet on f2 resulted in a lower Salmonella detection rate in faeces before slaughter (p < 0.01). Salmonella prevalence was lower in caecal content at slaughter for pigs fed the experimental diet compared to those fed control diet (p < 0.0001). The number of distinct seropositive meat juice samples (OD ≥40) was lower (p < 0.01) for pigs fed the experimental than for those fed the control diet. In comparison to pigs in the control group, starch concentrations in the caecal content from pigs in the experimental groups on both farms were higher (p < 0.05) and the pH values lower (p < 0.05). Propionate (p < 0.0001) and butyrate (p < 0.01) concentrations were higher in the caecal content taken from pigs in the experimental group on f2.

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 61%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Effects of feed particle size at dietary presence of added organic acids on caecal parameters and the prevalence of Salmonella in fattening pigs on farm and at slaughter

Visscher

Winter

Verspohl

et al. 2009

“…The effects of milling intensity and compaction of a diet on the morphology of the gastrointestinal organs, especially in monogastric species, are well‐known to nutritionists (Brunsgaard, ; Cappai, Picciau, & Pinna, ; GrosseLiesner, Taube, Leonhard‐Marek, Beineke, & Kamphues, ; Hedemann, Mikkelsen, Naughton, & Jensen, ; Millet et al., ; Morel & Cottam, ; Nielsen & Ingvartsen, ; Wondra, Hancock, Behnke, Hines, & Stark, ). The gastrointestinal organs are also influenced by changes in physical and chemical properties of the feed ingested (Callan, Garry, & O'Doherty, ; Kamphues et al., ; Visscher et al., ) and by alterations in the substrate of microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract (Canibe, Højberg, Højsgaard, & Jensen, ; Kamphues et al., ; Papenbrock, Stemme, Amtsberg, Verspohl, & Kamphues, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gastrointestinal organs are also influenced by changes in physical and chemical properties of the feed ingested (Callan, Garry, & O'Doherty, 2007;Kamphues et al, 2007;Visscher et al, 2009) and by alterations in the substrate of microbial populations in the gastrointestinal tract (Canibe, Højberg, Højsgaard, & Jensen, 2005;Kamphues et al, 2007;Papenbrock, Stemme, Amtsberg, Verspohl, & Kamphues, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The presence and distribution of cannabinoid type 1 and 2 receptors in the mandibular gland: The influence of different physical forms of diets on their expression in piglets

Pirino

Cappai

Maranesi

et al. 2017

We explored the expression and cell type distribution of cannabinoid receptors type 1 (CB1) and cannabinoid receptors type 2 (CB2) in the mandibular glands of pigs in relation to different physical forms of the diet. Thirty-two crossbred growing pigs (ages 5-6 weeks) were randomly allotted to four experimental groups (eight pigs/group) and fed four different physical types of the same diet for 4 weeks: finely ground pellet (FP), coarsely ground meal (CM), coarsely ground pellet (CP) and coarsely ground extruded (CE) with dMEAN of 0.46, 0.88, 0.84 and 0.66 mm respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, the pigs were euthanized and the mandibular gland was collected after dissection. By immunohistochemistry, positive signals for CB1 were found in the cytoplasm of duct epithelial cells of pigs fed CP, FP and CE diets and in the serous cells of mixed acini in pigs fed the coarser CM diet. Positive signals for CB2 were detected in duct epithelial cells and in neurons of ganglia close to major secretory ducts of all pigs. The differential expression and localization of these receptors in response to variable chewing activity due to the type of diet suggest that endocannabinoids may influence the functional activity of the mandibular gland by modifying qualitative and/or quantitative aspects of salivary secretion.

“…The effects associated with different grinding intensities and compactions of the diet are well known, as the impact on the morphology of GI organs is described in the literature, above all in monogastric species (Wondra et al, 1995;Brunsgaard, 1998;Nielsen and Ingvartsen, 2000;Hedemann et al, 2005;Morel and Cottam, 2007;Grosse Liesner et al, 2009;Millet et al, 2012;Cappai et al, 2013), together with the modification of the physicochemical properties of the luminal content (Visscher et al, 2006;Callan et al, 2007;Kamphues et al, 2007;Mö ßeler et al, 2010) and the selection of microbial populations upon substrate in the GIT (Canibe et al, 2005;Papenbrock et al, 2005;Kamphues et al, 2007;Sander et al, 2012). In the light of the results obtained in this investigation, the hypothesis of a possible effect of the physical form of the diet in extra-enteral organs was in a same row indicate a statistic significance for p < 0.05. confirmed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different physical forms of one diet fed to growing pigs induce morphological changes in mandubular glands and local leptin (Ob) production and receptor (ObR) expression

Cappai

Dall’Aglio

Sander

et al. 2016

The physical form of the diet plays an important role for morphological adaptations of organs in the gastrointestinal tract. It was hypothesized that different physical forms of one diet could exert extra-enteric effects, under local and systemic neuroendocrine regulation. Gross morphology, fresh mass and cytoarchitecture of mandibular glands (MG) were studied in growing pigs fed with one diet processed under four different physical forms. Four dietary treatments were offered for 4 weeks to 32 growing pigs (initial BW: 8.30 ± 0.83 kg) allotted into 4 experimental groups: FP, finely ground pellet (dMean, 0.46 mm); CM, coarsely ground meal (dMean, 0.88 mm); CP, coarsely ground pellet (dMean, 0.84); CE, coarsely ground extruded (dMean, 0.66). Conventional and immuonohistochemical techniques were used to immunolocalize, in particular, leptin (Ob) and its receptor (ObR). A significant effect was observed on the relative mass of the MG, depending on the diet (p < 0.03) and on the BW (p < 0.04), with no interactions (diet*BW). The immunohistochemical reactions for Ob and ObR showed a marked positivity in the MG from the group fed with the CM diet, displaying Ob-positive acinar cells and ObR-positive cells in the striated ducts, together with endocrine-like cells. The intensity of chromogenic reactions positively testing to ObR was used to evaluate the cytoarchitecture of the MG and its possible correlations. Pearson's correlation coefficient resulted to positively link (p < 0.0001) the ObR expression with the absolute mass of MG in the 61.1% of pigs. The physical form of the diet is related to extra-enteral effects, inducing changes in gross and microscopic morphology of the MG in the growing pig. The local production of Ob and the expression of the respective ObR in the striated duct cells shed a new light on the mitogenic activity of Ob in extra-enteral organs, like the MG, in relation to the physical form of the diet.