The effect of environmental factors on the abundance of cefotaxime-resistant Escherichia coli in Sunter River

Abstract

The water quality of the Sunter River in Jakarta was classified as heavily polluted due to activities around the river, both domestic and non-domestic. As one of the environmental parameters for water quality, the presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) is normally found any natural environment, and under certain conditions it can become resistant to antimicrobials due to genetic mutations. The mutated E. coli produces Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) enzymes and has a higher survival ability in antibiotic-contaminated river water, thus potentially endangering public health. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of environmental factors on the abundance of ESBL producing E. coli and their resistance to antibiotic cefotaxime. Sampling was conducted in six locations representing the upstreams and the downstreams of Sunter River, following the Global Surveillance guidelines. E. coli strains were isolated using Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide (TBX) agar medium (with and without the addition of cefotaxime 4μg/ml) and the antibiotic sensitivity test of ESBL E. coli was conducted by performing a double-disk test. The results showed that the highest average abundance of ESBL E. coli was found in the sample taken from Sindang Station (904.24 x 104 colony per unit (CFU) / 100 mL) and the lowest was from Sunter Station (1,58 x 104 CFU / 100 mL). The results of the Bivariate Pearson correlation analysis showed that temperature, pH, and salinity were negatively correlated with the abundance of ESBL-producing E. coli bacteria.

On composite sampling for monitoring generic and antibiotic-resistant coliforms in irrigation ponds

“…This quantitative information, which can be supplemented by the testing of individual isolates, will provide a better understanding of the overall prevalence of antibiotic resistance in aquatic environments and therefore should be a future area of research. One may anticipate a larger volume of quantitative data on ESBL-producing E. coli in response to the WHO's recent release of the "Tricycle Protocol" which proposed methods for measuring and monitoring cefotaxime-resistant E. coli in human, animal, and environmental sectors (Efadeswarni et al, 2021;WHO, 2021).…”