The effect of encoding time on retention by infants and young children

Morgan, Kirstie; Hayne, Harlene

doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.07.009

Cited by 59 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This contrasts with our inter-trial-interval of about 2.5 s. When infants have several seconds of unfilled time to engage in post-encoding processes before the memory test, as they did in many previous studies, they may show more robust evidence of memory in “immediate” tests. Indeed, Morgan and Hayne (2006) also found a lack of a novelty preference on immediate tests following short familiarization periods in a visual recognition memory task using computer-controlled stimulus presentation which likely also involved relatively short inter-trial-intervals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Infants’ Visual Recognition Memory for a Series of Categorically Related Items

Oakes

Kovack-Lesh

2013

Journal of Cognition and Development

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We examined the interactions between visual recognition memory, working memory, and categorization by examining 6-month-old infants’ (N = 168) memory for individual items in a categorized list (e.g., images of dogs or cats). In Experiments 1 and 2, infants were familiarized with 6 different cats or dogs, presented one at a time on a series of 15-s familiarization trials. When the test occurred immediately after the sixth familiarization trial (Experiment 1), infants showed strong novelty preference for items presented on the fourth or fifth familiarization trial, but not for the items presented on the first three trials or on the sixth trial. When a brief (15-s) retention delay occurred between the end of the sixth trial and the test trials (Experiment 2), memory for the sixth item was enhanced, memory for the fourth item was impaired, and memory for the fifth was unchanged relative to when no retention delay was included. Experiment 3 confirmed that infants can form a memory for the first item presented. These results reveal how factors such as interference and time to consolidate influence infants’ visual recognition memory as they categorize a series of items.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Infants’ Visual Recognition Memory for a Series of Categorically Related Items

Oakes

Kovack-Lesh

2013

Journal of Cognition and Development

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“…In the present study, with the exposure shortened to 10 s, neither 2- nor 4-Year-Olds with ASD showed clear evidence for face recognition despite the fact that the full-head images provided additional cues regarding facial identity (e.g., hair). Thus, similarly as in typically developing children (Morgan and Hayne 2006) the ability to retain and recognize faces in young children with ASD might improve when the familiarization time is lengthened. Nonetheless, the results suggest that they are less effective in extracting invariant facial features than their typically developing peers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Looking But Not Seeing: Atypical Visual Scanning and Recognition of Faces in 2 and 4-Year-Old Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Chawarska

Shic

2009

J Autism Dev Disord

222

204

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This study used eye-tracking to examine visual scanning and recognition of faces by 2- and 4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) (N = 44) and typically developing (TD) controls (N = 30). TD toddlers at both age levels scanned and recognized faces similarly. Toddlers with ASD looked increasingly away from faces with age, atypically attended to key features of faces, and were impaired in face recognition. Deficits in recognition were associated with imbalanced attention between key facial features. This study illustrates that face processing in ASD may be affected early and become further compromised with age. We propose that deficits in face processing likely impact the effectiveness of toddlers with ASD as social partners and thus should be targeted for intervention.

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“…A number of studies have also documented novelty preference following long-term retention intervals (Gunderson and Swartz, 1985;Pascalis et al, 1998). In addition, the effect of familiarization time and re-familiarization on novelty preference has been studied in human and non-human primates (Gunderson and Swartz, 1986;Monk et al, 1996;Morgan and Hayne, 2006). Available evidence suggests that generally increased familiarization and refamiliarization result in increased novelty preference.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognition memory in tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) after repeated familiarization sessions

Khani¹,

Rainer

2012

Behavioural Processes

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Recognition memories are formed during perceptual experience and allow subsequent recognition of previously encountered objects as well as their distinction from novel objects. As a consequence, novel objects are generally explored longer than familiar objects by many species. This novelty preference has been documented in rodents using the novel object recognition (NOR) test, as well is in primates including humans using preferential looking time paradigms. Here, we examine novelty preference using the NOR task in tree shrew, a small animal species that is considered to be an intermediary between rodents and primates. Our paradigm consisted of three phases: arena familiarization, object familiarization sessions with two identical objects in the arena and finally a test session following a 24-h retention period with a familiar and a novel object in the arena. We employed two different object familiarization durations: one and three sessions on consecutive days. After three object familiarization sessions, tree shrews exhibited robust preference for novel objects on the test day. This was accompanied by significant reduction in familiar object exploration time, occurring largely between the first and second day of object familiarization. By contrast, tree shrews did not show a significant preference for the novel object after a one-session object familiarization. Nonetheless, they spent significantly less time exploring the familiar object on the test day compared to the object familiarization day, indicating that they did maintain a memory trace for the familiar object. Our study revealed different time courses for familiar object habituation and emergence of novelty preference, suggesting that novelty preference is dependent on well-consolidated memory of the competing familiar object. Taken together, our results demonstrate robust novelty preference of tree shrews, in general similarity to previous findings in rodents and primates.

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The effect of encoding time on retention by infants and young children

Cited by 59 publications

References 5 publications

Infants’ Visual Recognition Memory for a Series of Categorically Related Items

Infants’ Visual Recognition Memory for a Series of Categorically Related Items

Looking But Not Seeing: Atypical Visual Scanning and Recognition of Faces in 2 and 4-Year-Old Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Recognition memory in tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) after repeated familiarization sessions

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