The effect of employment status on breastfeeding in the United States

Ryan, Allan J.; Zhou, Wenjun; Arensberg, Mary Beth

doi:10.1016/j.whi.2006.08.001

Cited by 164 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

142

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…17,18 A few disadvantages include the high cost of the pump and storage bags, time that needs to be dedicated for pumping and sterilising the equipment and need for a private place to pump. 19 Analysing the barriers against expressed breast milk, we understand that most women did not know that such an option was available. Also, many of them were afraid to try it because they thought it was very risky.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressed breast milk: a less used option by working mothers of India

Rai

2017

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Expressed breast milk is a healthy feeding option as compared to formula milk for working postnatal mothers. Objective of present work was to study the knowledge, attitude and practice regarding expressed breast milk feeding among working postnatal mothers and to identify and explore the barriers against it.Methods: A double blinded cross sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care centre in Hyderabad city, India. 100 working breastfeeding postnatal mothers with infants upto 1 year were identified. A validated questionnaire in English and Hindi was used for data collection. It constituted personal characteristics, knowledge regarding expressed breast milk feeding, attitude towards it and presently followed practices by working mothers.Results: A total of 100 working mothers with infants less than one year were selected who attended the postnatal clinics at our hospital, a tertiary care centre in Hyderabad city. Overall, the knowledge regarding expressed breast milk feeding was unsatisfactory in 64% of women. Only 36% of them had satisfactory knowledge. Positive attitude towards expressed breast milk feeding was seen in 60% of them and 40% of them had negative attitude. Expressed breast milk feeding was practised by 11% of them, formula milk by 53%, mixed feeding by 10% and cow milk by 26% as a substitute to breast feeding in their absence. Univariate analysis revealed no statistically significant determinant of their knowledge, attitude and practices.Conclusions: Knowledge about expressed breast milk feeding in Indian working breastfeeding mothers is suboptimal. Imparting adequate knowledge can improve feeding practices.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressed breast milk: a less used option by working mothers of India

Rai

2017

Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The dissimilarity can be explained by housewives were more likely intending to breastfeed due to economic restrain and they had extra bonding time with their babies as compared to working mothers. In addition, mothers who are not employed are more likely to initiate breastfeeding (Poduval & Poduval, 2009) and continue to breastfeed longer than employed mothers (Ryan, Zhou, & Arensberg, 2006). This study provided information regarding breastfeeding intention among Malaysian mothers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of Breastfeeding Intention in Malaysia

Hamid¹,

Hc²,

Binns³

2017

E-BPJ

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Breastfeeding is linked to a number of health related benefits among infants. Breastfeeding provides the ideal nutrition for infants, by promoting a higher IQ and protecting against childhood and adult diseases. Despite these health benefits, the rates of exclusive breastfeeding are still low in Malaysia. Intention to breastfeed is closely related to early initiation to breastfeed and could also be a predictor of longer duration of breastfeeding. The objectives of this study are to provide a descriptive analysis of the sociodemographic characteristics, breastfeeding intention and breastfeeding attitudes and determine predictors affecting breastfeeding intention among low-to-middle income women. A prospective cohort study was undertaken of mothers attending eight antenatal clinics run by the Ministry of Health in Selangor, Malaysia. Mothers were recruited during the antenatal period and followed up until six months postpartum to document breastfeeding outcomes. Among 652 mothers in our study, exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding, and exclusive formula feeding intentions were 49.6%, 46.3%, and 9.0%, respectively. Age, maternal employment, maternal education, parity, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), breastfeeding attitude, spouse's preference, grandmother's preference and breastfeeding experience had significant relationship with breastfeeding intention (p< 0.05). However, further analysis showed that breastfeeding intention was associated with positive breastfeeding attitudes, older age, greater years of education, being housewives, having partner and family support for breastfeeding and grandmothers' breastfeeding experience. These findings suggest that by providing breastfeeding initiatives towards less educated, young mothers who lack breastfeeding support from their loved ones may improve breastfeeding rates. IntroductionBreastmilk is the most complete nutrition for infants (Gartner et al., 2005). Breastfeeding provides significant protective effect towards various childhood diseases to the infants in the short term and beyond (Binns, Lee, & Low, 2016;Horta & Victora, 2013). Infants who were not breastfeeding may expose to higher risks of infectious morbidity, as well as associated with increased risks of childhood obesity, leukemia, type I and II diabetes and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDs) (Stuebe, 2009). Breastfeeding intention is a significant predictor of positive breastfeeding outcomes, having an intention to breastfeed linked to early initiation and longer duration of breastfeeding (Donath & Amir, 2003;Mitra, Khoury, Hinton, & Carothers, 2004;Tarrant, Younger, Sheridan-Pereira, White, & Kearney, 2010a). Intention is an immediate precursor of behaviour and is defined as the perception of an individual towards performance of a particular behaviour (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980). In this study breastfeeding intention was defined as the degree of confidence about practising optimal breastfeeding behaviour. Intention to breastfeed is closely related to early initiation to breastfeed and could al...

show abstract

“…Establishing ways for mothers to feed from the breast after return to work is important to meet US breastfeeding goals. Pediatrics 2008;122:S56-S62 P OSTPARTUM RETURN TO work is associated with shorter breastfeeding duration [1][2][3][4][5] and lower breastfeeding intensity 6 in the United States. Even as more US mothers of infants are participating in the workforce, 7 the importance of breastfeeding in developed countries is increasingly emphasized.…”

Section: Participants and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Success of Strategies for Combining Employment and Breastfeeding

2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

OBJECTIVE. Return to work is associated with diminished breastfeeding intensity and duration. Although more mothers breastfeed after returning to work now than earlier, research has not documented the strategies that mothers use for combining paid work and breastfeeding or their effect on breastfeeding outcomes. This study examined which strategies are associated with smaller decrements in breastfeeding intensity and longer durations.PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS. We analyzed 810 mothers from the Infant Feeding Practices Study II who worked and breastfed. We used regression and censored regression models to analyze 4 strategies that mothers used to combine these 2 activities: (1) feed directly from the breast only; (2) both pump and feed directly; (3) pump only; and (4) neither pump nor breastfeed during the work day. Outcomes were the difference in percentage of milk feeds that were breast milk between the month before and after return to work and duration of breastfeeding after return to work.RESULTS. Forty-three percent of mothers pumped milk at work only; 32% fed the infant directly from the breast only. These 2 strategies, along with pumping and feeding directly, were statistically similar and superior to neither pumping nor breastfeeding during the work day for the outcome of change in breastfeeding intensity. For the outcome of breastfeeding duration, the 2 strategies that included directly feeding from the breast were associated with longer duration than pumping only, whereas the strategy of neither pumping nor breastfeeding during the work day was associated with the shortest duration.CONCLUSIONS. Feeding the infant from the breast during the work day is the most effective strategy for combining breastfeeding and work. Ways to enable direct feeding include on-site child care, telecommuting, keeping the infant at work, allowing the mother to leave work to go to the infant, and having the infant brought to the work site. Establishing ways for mothers to feed from the breast after return to work is important to meet US breastfeeding goals. Pediatrics 2008;122:S56-S62 P OSTPARTUM RETURN TO work is associated with shorter breastfeeding duration 1-5 and lower breastfeeding intensity 6 in the United States. Even as more US mothers of infants are participating in the workforce, 7 the importance of breastfeeding in developed countries is increasingly emphasized. In 1997, the American Academy of Pediatrics increased their recommendation for the minimum duration of breastfeeding from 6 to 12 months on the basis of diverse research showing health benefits in developed countries, and their policy was reaffirmed in 2005. 8,9 National US health objectives call for exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months and breastfeeding duration for at least 12 months. 10,11 A recent series of meta-analyses of the evidence on the effects of breastfeeding on infant health in developed countries concluded that breastfeeding is associated with a reduced risk of many diseases in both mothers and their infants. 12 Extant literature docume...

show abstract

The effect of employment status on breastfeeding in the United States

Cited by 164 publications

References 25 publications

Expressed breast milk: a less used option by working mothers of India

Expressed breast milk: a less used option by working mothers of India

Predictors of Breastfeeding Intention in Malaysia

Success of Strategies for Combining Employment and Breastfeeding

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About