The effect of electron beam irradiation on the tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of epoxidized natural rubber

Ratnam, Chantara Thevy; Nasir, M.; Baharin, A.; Zaman, Khairul

doi:10.1016/s0014-3057(01)00011-8

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Furthermore, presence of TMPTA causes difference in the segmental movement through promotion of matrix micro-heterogeneity, which could possibly cause a decrease in the loss modulus values (Ratnam et al, 2001b). Upon irradiation, a shift in the loss modulus peak temperature values towards the middle of both components, with almost two fold increase in the loss modulus values suggest improved compatibility between the two components.…”

Section: Loss Modulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

Ratnam

Khalid

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Non-degradable waste tire generation around the world is growing at an alarming rate. Diversifying the recycling route of these waste tires is essential to solve the problem. One way is to incorporate them into polymers and convert them into new products. However, incorporation of ground tire rubber into thermoplastics has been hampered due to lack of toughness and adhesion between phases. To address the issue, this study utilized reclaimed waste tire rubber (RTR) instead; and evaluated the properties of RTR and poly(ethyleneco-vinyl acetate) (EVA) blends. The properties of the RTR/EVA blends were further enhanced by compatibilization and electron beam irradiation.Processing, mechanical, thermal and dynamic mechanical properties of RTR were tremendously improved by blending with EVA. However, the interfacial adhesion was found to lack in the blends. Compatibilization by reactive, physical and combination strategies were explored utilizing (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APS), liquid styrene butadiene rubber (LR) and maleated EVA (MAEVA), respectively. APS and MAEVA were found to be the most and least favourable compatibilizer, respectively. Apart from functioning as reactive compatibilizer, APS also reclaimed the RTR phase further. These lead to improved dispersion of smaller RTR phase in EVA matrix and enhanced the interfacial adhesion.Electron beam irradiation revealed the presence of radical stabilizing and scavenging additives within RTR which retards the crosslinking process in RTR and RTR/EVA blends. Though chain scissions were predominant; study showed the replacement of S-S and S-C bonds with stronger and stiffer C-C bonds ensures the retention of RTR and RTR/EVA blends properties upon irradiation.Compatibilization of RTR/EVA blend by APS (50RTR/5APS) also improved the crosslinking efficiency. However, the blend still suffered from oxidative degradation from irradiation in air. Radiation sensitizers, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA), tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and N,N-1,3Phenylene Bismaleimide (HVA2), were used to accelerate the irradiation induced crosslinking in RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Presence of radiation sensitizers leads to simultaneous improvement in toughness and tensile strength of RTR and 50RTR/5APS blends. Elastic capacity of RTR phase was restored and interfacial adhesion enhanced in the presence of radiation sensitizers.iii

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Section: Loss Modulusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Ramarad

Ratnam

Khalid

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

Self Cite

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“…Os valores de propriedades físico-mecânica dos filmes preparados neste trabalho estão dentro dos valores mostrados na literatura, em procedimentos de preparação semelhantes ao usado neste trabalho [12,20] . Optou-se por esta técnica devido à futura aplicação destes filmes, curáveis a temperatura ambiente, como revestimentos para captação de hidrogênio.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…Além disso, na literatura é descrito que o grupo epóxido é o responsável pela interação da ENR, aumentando a compatibilidade entre carga-polímeros [7][8][9] ou em misturas físicas [10,11] , e também em sistemas contendo agente de reticulação e alta energia (radiação UV, feixe de elétrons, etc.) [12][13][14] .…”

Section: Grau De Inchamentounclassified

“…O aumento da adição no teor de TMP-SH nas composições fez diminuir o grau de inchamento em tolueno das composições com ENR o que leva a um aumento no teor de gel, sendo um indicativo de formação de reticulações entre ENR e TMP-SH em função do teor do agente de cura [12,13] . Segundo Tangboriboonrat [25] um valor de grau de inchamento menor do que 500% pode corresponder a uma borracha reticulada.…”

Section: Materiaisunclassified

“…Módulo de armazenamento (G'), módulo de perda (G") e tangente de perda (tan δ = G"/G') foram determinados para todas as amostras sob idênticas condições. Pelos resultados de DMA pode ser afirmado que houve a formação de maior número de reticulações na ENR com TMP-SH, aumentando a estrutura tridimensional [10] , mostrado pelo deslocamento do pico da Tan δ para temperaturas mais altas (Figura 3b) [12,20,28] e diminuição do valor (da altura pico) (Tabela 3), como conseqüência do aumento da rigidez molecular [27] . A redução da Tan δ, para o filme de ENR10 e ENR 20 em comparação a NR pura está relacionada à razão entre módulo de perda e de armazenamento (G"/G').…”

Section: Propriedades Dinâmico-mecânicasunclassified

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Caracterização físico-mecânica de filmes de borracha natural epoxidada curáveis em temperatura ambiente

et al. 2009

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Resumo: Neste trabalho é apresentado o estudo da formação de reticulações na temperatura ambiente, de borracha natural epoxidada (ENR) de 25% de grau de epoxidação, com um agente de cura contendo o tiol trimetilolpropano tris(2-mercaptoacetato) (TMP-SH). As composições foram realizadas a partir de solubilização da ENR e, posterior reação com o TMP-SH. Foram preparadas composições com 5, 10 e 20 phr de ENR e controles contendo NR e ENR. Também foi preparada uma composição com NR e 10 phr de TMP-SH para comprovar o efeito do grupo epóxido. A formação de reticulação dos filmes foi determinada pelas propriedades físico-mecânicas como grau de inchamento no equilíbrio, resistência à tração e propriedades dinâmico-mecânicas. Os resultados mostraram a eficiência do agente de cura e a influência do teor incorporado de TMP-SH nas propriedades determinadas, e a composição de ENR com 10 phr do agente de cura foi a que apresentou melhor desempenho físico-mecânico. Palavras-chave: Borracha natural epoxidada, cura, resistência à tração, DMA, grau de inchamento. Physical-Mechanical Characterization of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Films Curable at Ambient TemperatureAbstract: This paper presents the crosslinking study at room temperature of epoxidised natural rubber (ENR), of 25% of epoxidation level, with a curing agent containing thiol trimethylolpropane tris(2-mercaptoacetate) (TMP-SH). The compositions were made from solubilization of ENR, and subsequent reaction with TMP-SH. Compositions with 5, 10 and 20 phr of TMP-SH, NR and ENR controls were prepared. It was also prepared a composition with NR and 10 phr of TMP-SH to demonstrate the effect of epoxide group. The crosslinking formation of the films was determined by physicalmechanical properties as equilibrium swelling index, tensile strength and dynamic-mechanical properties. The results showed the efficiency of the cure agent and the influence of TMP-SH content incorporated, in the studied properties, and the ENR composition with 10 phr of curing agent presented the best physical-mechanical performance.

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The effect of electron beam irradiation on the tensile and dynamic mechanical properties of epoxidized natural rubber

Cited by 35 publications

References 33 publications

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Improving the properties of reclaimed waste tire rubber by blending with poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) and electron beam irradiation

Caracterização físico-mecânica de filmes de borracha natural epoxidada curáveis em temperatura ambiente

Irradiation Crosslinking of PVC/ENR Blend: A Comparative Study with the Respective Homopolymers

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