The effect of electrode material on the electrochemical formation of porous copper surfaces using hydrogen bubble templating

Najdovski, Ilija; O’Mullane, Anthony P.

doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.03.034

Cited by 28 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…19 Moreover, it could be remarkably influenced by cathode current density, concentrations of Cu 2+ and H + ions in the electrolyte solutions and, especially, the additives for adjusting electrodeposition process. [20][21][22] For example, the addition of CH 3 COOH may notably decrease the average sizes of hydrogen bubbles because of the suppression on the coalescence of bubbles, [23][24][25][26][27] while the incorporation of HCl can effectively reduce the dimension of dendritic copper deposit particles due to acceleration of copper deposition by building chloride bridges. 28 In addition, Tan et al reported that the effect of bromide ions was similar to chloride ions, while PEG (polyethylene glycol) changed the foam structure oppositely.…”

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confidence: 99%

3-D Network Pore Structures in Copper Foams by Electrodeposition and Hydrogen Bubble Templating Mechanism

Zhang

Ding

Wang

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Copper foams with various pore structures have been prepared using hydrogen bubbles as templates by electrodeposition method. By adjusting deposition time and incorporating different additives, the pore structures of copper deposit layers were effectively tuned as the results of controlled nucleation, growth, coalescence and detachment of hydrogen bubbles on the deposition interfaces. According to the analysis of experimental results, a tentative templating mechanism of hydrogen bubbles has been proposed, in which the well-grown hydrogen bubbles on the deposition interface are believed to contribute mostly to the formation of pore structures in the copper deposit layers, while the bubbles enlarged through interconnection and coalescence make no templating contributions due to their easy detachment from the interface. A larger average size of templating hydrogen bubbles at the upper layer than at the lower layer should arise from the quasi close-packing of growing hydrogen bubbles with their nucleation sites confined to the areas unoccupied by the pre-existing bubbles. In terms of this templating mechanism of hydrogen bubbles, the influences of relative concentrations of Cu 2+ and H + in the electrolyte solutions, deposition current density, chemical species and concentrations of additives on the evolution of pore-structures in the electrodeposited copper foams may be well explained and understood.Porous metal foams are of special physical and/or chemical properties, such as high porosity and internal surface areas, good mechanical strength and electrical conductivity, etc. and thereby have found wide applications as catalyst supports, filters in high temperature liquid, key components for miniaturized heat exchangers, electromagnetic shielding materials, and electrode materials for sensors, batteries, and fuel cells.

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confidence: 99%

3-D Network Pore Structures in Copper Foams by Electrodeposition and Hydrogen Bubble Templating Mechanism

Zhang

Ding

Wang

et al. 2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 From all metals and alloys which can be obtained in the honeycomb-like form, copper is the most studied system [1,2,4,[9][10][11][12][13][14][40][41][42]. The both galvanostatic [1,10,11] and potentiostatic [2,4,9,14,41,42] regimes of electrolysis are widely used for production of Cu in the honeycomb-like form. The improvement of micro and nano structural characteristics of the Cu honeycomb-like electrodes can be achieved by addition of additives, such as acetic acid [10],…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of formation of the honeycomb-like structures by the regime of the reversing current (RC) in the second range

Berkesi

Živković

Elezović

et al. 2019

Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry

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Electrodeposition of copper in the hydrogen co-deposition range by the regime of reversing current (RC) in the second range has been investigated by determination of the average current efficiency for hydrogen evolution reaction and by scanning electron (SEM) and optical (OM) microscopic analysis of the obtained deposits. Keeping the cathodic current density, the cathodic and the anodic pulses constant in all experiments, the anodic current density (ja) values were varied: 40, 80, 160, 240 and 320 mA cm -2 . The Cu deposits produced by the RC regimes with different anodic current density values were compared with that obtained in a constant galvanostatic regime (DC) at the current density equal to the cathodic current density in the RC regimes. The honeycomb-like structures were formed in the DC regime and by the RC regimes with ja of 40 and 80 mA cm -2 . The hole size in them was in the 6070 m range. Due to the decrease of quantity of evolved hydrogen with increasing anodic current density, the larger dishlike holes with dendrites at their bottom and shoulder were formed with ja values of 160, 240 and 320 mA cm -2 . The maximum number of holes, and hence, the largest specific surface area of the honeycomb-like electrodes was obtained with ja = 80 mA cm -2 , that can be ascribed to a suppression of coalescence of neighboring hydrogen bubbles. Application of the RC regime also led to the increase of uniformity of structures, what is concluded by cross section analysis of the formed honeycomb-like electrodes. For the first time, mechanism of Cu electrodeposition in the hydrogen co-deposition range by the RC regime in the second range was proposed and discussed.

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“…The metal ion is deposited with this dynamic bubble template [8], and then, a micron-thickness metal layer with microporous and nanoramified metal walls is prepared efficiently in a few to tens of seconds [9,10]. The morphology of the deposition is greatly affected by the bubble behavior, which basically involves three basic steps, nucleation, growth, and detachment [11,12], and many factors affect the steps, such as the type and concentration of metal ions [13,14], additives [15,16], current density [5], and electrode material [17]. Generally, an effective bubble template can be produced to make the deposition porous with a sufficient proton source in solution [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generally, an effective bubble template can be produced to make the deposition porous with a sufficient proton source in solution [13]. When the bubbles appear for a longer residence time [17,18], larger pores in the deposition are obtained, and smaller pores form in the deposition when the coalescence of bubbles is suppressed [15,[19][20][21]. It is worth noting that the bubbles will coalesce during the evolution process, resulting in the pore size of the deposition increasing with increasing distance from the substrate [19,22,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of a Nickel Layer with Bell-Mouthed Macropores via the Dual-Template Method

Ruishan

Yao

Qian

et al. 2021

Metals

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A relatively static and unique bubble template is successfully realized on a microporous substrate by controlling the surface tensions of the electrodeposit solution, and a nickel layer containing macropores is prepared using this bubble template. When the surface tension of the solution is 50.2 mN/m, the desired bubble template can be formed, there are fewer bubbles attached to other areas on the substrate, and a good nickel layer is obtained. In the analysis of the macropore formation process, it is found that the size of the bell-mouthed macropores can be tailored by changing the solution stirring speed or the current density to adjust the growth rate of the bubble template. The size change of a macropore is measured by the profile angle of the longitudinal macropore, section. As the solution stirring speed increases from 160 to 480 r/min, the angle range of the bell-mouthed macropores cross-sectional profile is increased from 21.0° to 44.3°. In addition, the angle range of the bell-mouthed macropore cross-sectional profile is increased from 39.3° to 46.3° with the current density increasing from 1 to 2.5 A/dm2. Different from the dynamic hydrogen bubble template, the bubble template implemented in this paper stays attached on the deposition and grows slowly, which is novel and interesting, and the nickel layer containing macropores prepared using this bubble template is applied in completely different fields.

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The effect of electrode material on the electrochemical formation of porous copper surfaces using hydrogen bubble templating

Cited by 28 publications

References 50 publications

3-D Network Pore Structures in Copper Foams by Electrodeposition and Hydrogen Bubble Templating Mechanism

3-D Network Pore Structures in Copper Foams by Electrodeposition and Hydrogen Bubble Templating Mechanism

Mechanism of formation of the honeycomb-like structures by the regime of the reversing current (RC) in the second range

Preparation of a Nickel Layer with Bell-Mouthed Macropores via the Dual-Template Method

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