The effect of economy type on demand and preference for cocaine and saccharin in rats

Kim, Jung S.; Gunawan, Tommy; Tripoli, Christopher S.; Silberberg, Alan; Kearns, David N.

doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.005

Cited by 13 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Additionally, earlier research indicates that saccharin satiety in rats is controlled by immediate oral sensory stimulation rather than by longer-term post-ingestive consequences such as fullness of the stomach or overhydration (Mook et al, 1981). The short-half life and the lack of post-ingestive consequences for saccharin drinking suggest that the effect of economy type on saccharin reinforcer value observed by Kim et al (2018) was not due to differences in satiation across economies.…”

Section: Economy Type and Saccharin Valuementioning

confidence: 94%

“…For example, individual differences in PR breakpoints or elasticity of demand for drug reinforcers predicts individual differences in drug preference (James et al, 2018;Kearns et al, 2017;Perry et al, 2013;Schwartz et al, 20017). Further, manipulations that decrease PR breakpoints or the essential value of a reinforcer also decrease preference for that reinforcer (Freeman et al, 2014;Kim et al, 2018;Negus, 2005).…”

Section: Reinforcer Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the first method, subjects' total daily consumption of a reinforcer is determined by the experimenter, rather than by the subject, by allowing sessions to last as long as is necessary to obtained the experimenter-determined number of reinforcers. In the second method, subjects are given post-session non-contingent reinforcers or contingent access to the reinforcer on a less demanding schedule (usually FR 1) than is used during the session (Hursh et al, 1989;Kim et al, 2018). In the third method, subjects are given non-contingent reinforcers or contingent reinforcers on a less demanding schedule during the session.…”

Section: Extra Within-session Reinforcersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to the significant effect of economy type on cigarette, coffee, and hydromorphone value in humans, most studies in animals have not found reduced drug reinforcer value in an open vs. closed economy. For example, in the same experiment by Kim et al (2018) described above, another group of rats worked for intravenous cocaine infusions on a series of FRs that increased over days from 1 to 96. In the closed economy, this work session was rats' only opportunity to obtain cocaine.…”

Section: Economy Type and Drug Reinforcer Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of economy type on reinforcer value

Kearns

2019

Behavioural Processes

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This article reviews studies investigating the effect of economy type on reinforcer value. In a closed economy, consumption of the reinforcer depends entirely on the subject's behavior, whereas in an open economy it does not, due, for example, to the provision of free reinforcers after the session. In theory, reinforcers should have higher value in a closed economy than in an open economy. Experimental results relevant to this prediction and methods used to test economy type effects are summarized and discussed here. Studies have tested the effect of economy type on the value of a variety of reinforcers, including food, water, saccharin, various drugs, and video games. Subjects used have varied also and include humans, monkeys, rats, and mice. Whether economy type had an effect on reinforcer value appears to depend on the particular reinforcer studied and on the species used. In general, where there was a difference in reinforcer value across economies, the effect was consistent with the prediction that value should be lower in the open economy. In some studies, however, satiation across economy types may have been responsible for the difference, or at least contributed to it. Potential explanations for the economy type effect, including substitution of future reinforcers for current reinforcers, contingency degradation, anticipatory contrast, and optimal foraging, are discussed.

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Section: Economy Type and Saccharin Valuementioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Reinforcer Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Extra Within-session Reinforcersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Economy Type and Drug Reinforcer Valuementioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of economy type on reinforcer value

Kearns

2019

Behavioural Processes

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“…The lack of effect of opening the heroin economy here is the third instance where post-session access to self-administered intravenous drug failed to affect behavior during the session. Previously, we found that post-session access to cocaine (Kim et al 2018) or to heroin (Gunawan et al 2019) did not affect elasticity of demand for these drugs in experiments where, using the same procedures, post-session access to saccharin made demand for saccharin more elastic. These results suggest that, for rats, delayed drug reinforcers do not substitute for current drug reinforcers in the same way that delayed saccharin reinforcers substitute for current saccharin reinforcers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Heroin Choice Depends on Income Level and Economy Type

Gunawan

Hachiga

Tripoli

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Rationale:In a previous study investigating choice between heroin and a non-drug alternative in animals, reductions in income (i.e., choices/day) caused the percentage of income spent on heroin to progressively decrease. In contrast, another study found that humans with opioid use disorder spent the majority of their income on heroin even though they had little income. Comparison of these two studies suggests that the seemingly conflicting results could be explained by differences in the underlying economy types of the choice alternatives. Objective: The present experiment tested the hypothesis that the effect of income changes on choice between heroin and a non-drug alternative depends on economy type. Methods: Rats chose between heroin and saccharin under three income levels. For the Closed group, the choice session was the only opportunity to obtain these reinforcers. For the Heroin Open group and the Saccharin Open group, choice sessions were followed by 3-h periods of unlimited access to heroin or saccharin, respectively. Results: As income decreased, the Closed and Heroin Open groups, but not the Saccharin Open group, spent an increasingly greater percentage of income on saccharin than on heroin. The Saccharin Open group, compared to the other groups, spent a greater percentage of income on heroin as income decreased. Conclusions: Results confirm that the effects of income and economy type can interact and this may explain the apparently discrepant results of earlier studies.More generally, findings suggest that situations where heroin choice has little consequence for consumption of non-drug alternatives may promote heroin use.

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Drug Addiction and Drug Dependency

Maguire

2022

Drug Discovery and Evaluation: Safety and Pharmacokinetic Assays

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The effect of economy type on demand and preference for cocaine and saccharin in rats

Cited by 13 publications

References 46 publications

The effect of economy type on reinforcer value

The effect of economy type on reinforcer value

Heroin Choice Depends on Income Level and Economy Type

Drug Addiction and Drug Dependency

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