“…The SEM images of wear surfaces of FREC and EFREC in Figures 11(c),(d) shows the development of a friction film between two contact surfaces, which results in fewer matrix fractures and enhanced tribological characteristics in terms of reduced wear. 49,50 This validate the better wear performance of FREC and EFREC in comparison to NE and EREC.Figure 11.SEM images of wear surfaces of the composites at 15 N applied load, 0.5 m/s sliding speed and 2,000 m sliding distance: (a) NE (b) EREC (c) FREC and (d) EFREC.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 53%
“…The SEM images of wear surfaces of FREC and EFREC in Figures 11(c),(d) shows the development of a friction film between two contact surfaces, which results in fewer matrix fractures and enhanced tribological characteristics in terms of reduced wear. 49,50 This validate the better wear performance of FREC and EFREC in comparison to NE EREC.…”
Egg shells and fish scales are two abundantly available by-products from food industries which can be used as filler materials to reinforce polymer composites. The bulk of discarded chicken eggshells and fish scales are disposed of in landfills, which cause environmental issues. The present research work focuses on the water absorption, mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites reinforced with chicken eggshells and catla fish scale particles. Hybrid composites incorporating both fillers were also made and evaluated. Results from the water absorption tests showed that the addition of fillers decreased the water absorption of the composites than neat epoxy. Tensile and impact tests revealed that the inclusion of fillers reduced the tensile and impact strength of the composites compared to neat epoxy, but improved the tensile modulus. The hybrid composite (EFREC) showed improvement in both flexural strength and modulus in comparison to neat epoxy. Also, the results from the wear tests revealed that the addition of fillers improved the wear resistance of the composites. Among all the mechanical and wear tested composite specimens, the hybrid composite (EFREC) showed the best performance. This was also validated from the SEM images of the fracture and wear surfaces of the composites.
“…The SEM images of wear surfaces of FREC and EFREC in Figures 11(c),(d) shows the development of a friction film between two contact surfaces, which results in fewer matrix fractures and enhanced tribological characteristics in terms of reduced wear. 49,50 This validate the better wear performance of FREC and EFREC in comparison to NE and EREC.Figure 11.SEM images of wear surfaces of the composites at 15 N applied load, 0.5 m/s sliding speed and 2,000 m sliding distance: (a) NE (b) EREC (c) FREC and (d) EFREC.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 53%
“…The SEM images of wear surfaces of FREC and EFREC in Figures 11(c),(d) shows the development of a friction film between two contact surfaces, which results in fewer matrix fractures and enhanced tribological characteristics in terms of reduced wear. 49,50 This validate the better wear performance of FREC and EFREC in comparison to NE EREC.…”
Egg shells and fish scales are two abundantly available by-products from food industries which can be used as filler materials to reinforce polymer composites. The bulk of discarded chicken eggshells and fish scales are disposed of in landfills, which cause environmental issues. The present research work focuses on the water absorption, mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites reinforced with chicken eggshells and catla fish scale particles. Hybrid composites incorporating both fillers were also made and evaluated. Results from the water absorption tests showed that the addition of fillers decreased the water absorption of the composites than neat epoxy. Tensile and impact tests revealed that the inclusion of fillers reduced the tensile and impact strength of the composites compared to neat epoxy, but improved the tensile modulus. The hybrid composite (EFREC) showed improvement in both flexural strength and modulus in comparison to neat epoxy. Also, the results from the wear tests revealed that the addition of fillers improved the wear resistance of the composites. Among all the mechanical and wear tested composite specimens, the hybrid composite (EFREC) showed the best performance. This was also validated from the SEM images of the fracture and wear surfaces of the composites.
There has been much effort to provide eco-friendly and biodegradable materials for the next generation of composite products owing to global environmental concerns and increased awareness of renewable green resources. Increased use of natural materials in composites has led to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and the carbon footprint of composites. In addition to the benefits obtained from green materials, there are some challenges in working with them, such as poor compatibility between the reinforcing natural fiber and matrix and the relatively high moisture absorption of natural fibers. Green composites can be a suitable alternative for petroleum-based materials. However, before this can be accomplished, a number of issues need to be addressed, including poor interfacial adhesion between the matrix and natural fibers, moisture absorption, poor fire resistance, low impact strength, and less durability. Several researchers have studied the properties of natural fiber composites. These investigations have resulted in developing several procedures for modifying natural fibers and resins. To address the increasing demand to use eco-friendly materials in different applications, an up-to-date review of natural fiber and resin types and sources, modification, and processing techniques, physical and mechanical behaviors, applications, life-cycle assessment, and other properties of green composites is required to provide a better understanding of the behavior of green composites.
“…[8][9][10] Therefore, various enhancers, such as carbon fiber, glass fiber, and natural fiber have been employed to overcome these shortcomings. [11][12][13] Fiber materials are well-accepted effective reinforcements for resin matrix. Furthermore, they can also improve the tribological properties of composite materials.…”
The chemical inertness of the basalt felt (BF) results in a weak interface bonding between BF and polymer matrix, which hinders the further application of BF reinforced composites. In this study, nickel‐based metal–organic framework (Ni‐MOF) sheets were decorated on the surface of BF by a facile one‐step hydrothermal method to improve the interfacial bonding between BF and epoxy resin (EP) matrix and embed solid paraffin. The mechanical and tribological properties of EP composites reinforced with BF were evaluated. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) between BF and EP was measured by a single‐fiber drawing test, and the results indicated that the IFSS increased by 15.19% after MOF modification. The surface of BF transformed from hydrophilicity to hydrophobicity, therefore significantly improving the compatibility between EP and BF. Compared with pure EP, the composites exhibited improvements of 37.55% and 203.39% in tensile strength and tensile modulus, respectively. Meanwhile, the friction coefficient and specific wear rate of the composite decreased by 58.82% and 56.50%, respectively. The solid paraffin was observed to be enclosed by Ni‐MOF sheets, which endowed the composite with a self‐lubricating behavior during friction. This study will advance the comprehensive performance of EP and provide a versatile strategy for tuning the interface compatibility between the reinforcement material and the matrix.
Highlights
A novel Ni‐MOF decorated BF was developed for storage of PW.
The BF/MOF/PW can simultaneously boost the tribological and mechanical properties of EP.
Surface tailoring of BF was realized with decorating MOF sheets and embedding PW.
A decline in friction coefficient by 58.82% was achieved.
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