The effect of early infection with Echinostoma paraensei on the interaction of Schistosoma mansoni with Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria tenagophila

Abstract

Infection caused by the trematode Echinostoma paraensei has been shown to interfere in the natural resistance to infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Biomphalaria glabrata is susceptible to infection, while Taim isolate Biomphalaria tenagophila is resistant to infection by S. mansoni. These two snail species were assessed for infection with E. paraensei two days after exposure to S. mansoni miracidia. The number of B. tenagophila and B. glabrata infected with E. paraensei was lower in co-infected group, suggesting an antagonistic relationship. B. glabrata showed an increase in its susceptibility to S. mansoni, whereas B. tenagophila maintained its refractoriness to S. mansoni infection. Weekly comparisons made between the E. paraensei cercariae released from B. tenagophila and B. glabrata mono-infected snails revealed no quantitative differences. In contrast, S. mansoni cercariae released were higher in the B. glabrata co-infected group. Mortality rates were significantly greater in both species pertaining to co-infected group and unexpected mortalities were also observed in B. tenagophila exposed only to S. mansoni miracidia. Our study revealed that the B. tenagophila Taim isolate is susceptible to E. paraensei infection, although infection did not alter its resistance to S. mansoni infection.

Proteomic Analysis of Biomphalaria glabrata Hemocytes During in vitro Encapsulation of Schistosoma mansoni Sporocysts

“…This also holds true for snails confronted with other non-schistosome pathogens. For example, Echinostoma paraensei has been shown to infect both R and S strains of B. glabrata ( 66 , 69 ), while bacterial pathogens Paenibacillus ( 70 ) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus ( 71 ) infect all exposed B. glabrata strains regardless of their schistosome-susceptibility status. This strongly suggests that the S and R phenotypes exhibited by these model B. glabrata/S.…”

Assessment of the experimental infection by Echinostoma paraensei (Lie & Basch, 1967) (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in two Biomphalaria tenagophila (D’Orbigny, 1835) (Gastropoda: Planorbidae) isolates resistant and susceptible to Schistosoma mansoni (Sambon, 1907) (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae)

“…Unlike what was expected, the results showed that these digeneans act in different ways to evade the host defense mechanisms (LAFFERTY;SHAW, 2013). Corroborating these data, Garcia et al (2010) showed that even with a prior infection by E. paraensei, B. tenagophila (TAIM) maintained refractoriness when exposed to S. mansoni. In fact, it has been shown that immune suppression (or interference) is a key function in the BiomphalariaEchinostoma relationship, allowing the parasite to evade attack of humoral factors such as FREPs (ADEMA et al, 2013).…”

“…Moreover, different isolates of snail species can show a heterogeneous pattern to a parasite species infection (COELHO et al, 2004;ROSA et al, 2006;GARCIA et al, 2010;NACIF-PIMENTA et al, 2012).…”

A new cryptic species of Echinostoma (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) closely related to Echinostoma paraensei found in Brazil

“…Loker et al ., 1987 ; Nollen, 1996 ; Maldonado et al ., 2005 ), (ii) parasite interaction (in both intramolluscan and vertebrate phases) with Schistosoma mansoni Sambon, 1907 and/or other echinostomes (e.g. Sullivan and Richards, 1981 ; Combes, 1982 ; Maldonado et al ., 2001 b ; Garcia et al ., 2010 ; Hanington et al ., 2010 ), (iii) ultrastructural morphology of different developmental stages (e.g. Fujino et al ., 2000 ; Maldonado et al ., 2001 a ; Pinheiro et al ., 2005 ; Souza et al ., 2017 a ), (iv) biochemical and pathological changes associated with the infection in molluscs and rodents (e.g.…”