The effect of dot size in random-dot stereograms on the results of stereoacuity measurements

Zhao, Lingzhi; Wu, Huang

doi:10.1186/s12886-020-01526-6

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(26 reference statements)

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“…In clinical practice, Open access stereopsis used to detect a contour-based stereo target such as the TST is considered to be 'local', while the stereopsis to detect a random dot-based stereo target such as the TNO is considered to be 'global'. [28][29][30][31] For calculating the viewing angle, the length of the TNO on the ocular fundus was 2.5 mm and that of the TST was 0.2 mm. Since the BRVO lesion size was larger than length of the TST on the ocular fundus, TNO, which is a type of 'global' stereopsis, might be associated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between stereopsis and vision-related quality of life in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion

et al. 2022

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BackgroundTo investigate the relationship between stereopsis and vision-related quality of life (VR-QOL) in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) before and after treatment with intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR).MethodsThis prospective multicentred observational study included 37 patients undergoing IVR treatment for unilateral BRVO and 24 age-matched healthy controls.Stereopsis was evaluated using the TNO stereo test (TNO) and Titmus stereo test (TST) every month, and the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25) was administered at baseline, then at 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment.ResultsTime course of the changes in stereopsis and VR-QOL. IVR treatment significantly reduced central fovea thickness and improved both the TNO and the TST from 2 to 12 months (both p<0.05). Stereopsis before and after IVR injection in the eyes with BRVO were significantly worse than those in control subjects (TNO, p<0.001; TST, p<0.001). The VFQ-25 composite score significantly improved from 3 to 12 months after IVR treatment (p<0.05). Univariate analysis showed that the TNO score at baseline was significantly correlated with the VFQ-25 composite score at baseline and after treatment (p<0.05, p<0.05, respectively). TST score was not associated with the VFQ-25 composite score at baseline or after treatment.ConclusionsTreatment with IVR for BRVO improved cystoid macular oedema, which was correlated to improved stereopsis, although not to the control level. The TNO score at baseline was associated with VR-QOL in patients with BRVO.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between stereopsis and vision-related quality of life in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion

et al. 2022

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“…However, dot size unlikely accounted for the difference in thresholds between the TNO and the other stereo tests in Vancleef's study [ 14 ]. The dot size of the TNO was larger than that of many other random dot stereopsis used in the clinic [ 16 ]. To avoid the effect of dot size, the smallest dot used in our picture was 6 × 6 pixel, which is equivalent to 1 min arc at 65 cm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Mechanism by Which the TNO Stereo Test Overestimates Stereo Thresholds

Meng

2021

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Several studies have revealed that results of the TNO stereo test may overestimate the stereoacuity value (the less the better) compared with other testing measurements. The manner in which vision is divided among two eyes of a person wearing anaglyph glasses may play an important role. This study aimed to examine the effect of anaglyph glasses on stereopsis measurements. A stereopsis measurement system using a phoropter and two Sony smartphones was established. Four types of test patterns, including the original TNO stereo test pictures, isoluminant red-green pictures, grayscale pictures, and black and white dots pictures, were designed. A total of 32 participants were recruited for this study. A significant difference was found among the four groups (Friedman test, chi-square = 50.985, P < 0.001 ). The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to detect differences between the groups. The stereoacuity of the original TNO group was significantly worse than those of the isoluminant, grayscale, and black-white groups. However, no significant difference was found between the isoluminant and grayscale groups. The correlation coefficient between the original TNO and isoluminant groups was 0.952 (Spearman’s rho, P < 0.001 ; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.901–0.988), while that between the original and grayscale groups was 0.771 (Spearman’s rho, P < 0.001 ; 95% CI, 0.550–0.916). Anaglyph glasses played an important role in determining the stereoacuity values with the TNO stereo test, and the results were overestimated when compared with that of the other testing methods. The imbalance of chroma and luminance between the two eyes caused by the anaglyph glasses was indicated as one of the reasons for the overestimation of stereo thresholds.

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“… 35 , 36 Stereoacuity was measured using an random dot stereogram chart. 37 Contrast sensitivity function (CSF) was measured using the quick CSF procedure with a two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) grating orientation identification task. 38 – 40 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual Tracking in Amblyopia: A Continuous Psychophysical Approach

Li,

Yang,

Zhu

et al. 2024

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Purpose This study aimed to explore the underlying mechanisms of the observed visuomotor deficit in amblyopia. Methods Twenty-four amblyopic (25.8 ± 3.8 years; 15 males) and 22 normal participants (25.8 ± 2.1 years; 8 males) took part in the study. The participants were instructed to continuously track a randomly moving Gaussian target on a computer screen using a mouse. In experiment 1, the participants performed the tracking task at six different target sizes. In experiments 2 and 3, they were asked to track a target with the contrast adjusted to individual's threshold. The tracking performance was represented by the kernel function calculated as the cross-correlation between the target and mouse displacements. The peak, latency, and width of the kernel were extracted and compared between the two groups. Results In experiment 1, target size had a significant effect on the kernel peak ( F (1.649, 46.170) = 200.958, P = 4.420 × 10 −22 ). At the smallest target size, the peak in the amblyopic group was significantly lower than that in the normal group (0.089 ± 0.023 vs. 0.107 ± 0.020, t (28) = −2.390, P = 0.024) and correlated with the contrast sensitivity function ( r = 0.739, P = 0.002) in the amblyopic eyes. In experiments 2 and 3, with equally visible stimuli, there were still differences in the kernel between the two groups (all P s < 0.05). Conclusions When stimulus visibility was compensated, amblyopic participants still showed significantly poorer tracking performance.

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The effect of dot size in random-dot stereograms on the results of stereoacuity measurements

Cited by 8 publications

References 25 publications

Relationship between stereopsis and vision-related quality of life in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion

Relationship between stereopsis and vision-related quality of life in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion

Evaluating the Mechanism by Which the TNO Stereo Test Overestimates Stereo Thresholds

Visual Tracking in Amblyopia: A Continuous Psychophysical Approach

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