“…In particular, research shows that firms gain operational flexibility through cross-country shifts in its value chain activities when operating or market conditions in one country becomes much less advantageous (Allen & Pantzalis, 1996;Tang & Tikoo, 1999). In that regard, Allen and Pantzalis (1996), Lee and Makhija (2009b), Sangcheol Song, Mona Makhija and Sung Min Kim Exchange rate uncertainty Campa (1993) Standard deviation of the monthly change in exchange rate FDI entry Goldberg and Kolstad (1995) Standard deviation of exchange rates over rolling samples of twelve quarters of data, normalized by the mean within the interval FDI entry Kogut and Chang (1996) Real exchange rates between Yen and Dollar over time FDI timing/entry Hauser (2005), Lee and Song (2012), Song, Makhija, and Lee (2014) Yearly standard deviation of monthly residuals in a country, divided through the mean of the exchange rate level in that year FDI timing/type entry mode Cuypers and Martin (2010) Parallel market premium = |average annual official rate-average annual parallel rate|/ average annual official rate IJV ownership Belderbos and Zou (2009) Annual volatility of exchange rates of nine Asian countries before/after Asian economic crisis 1995-1999…”