The Effect of Different Light Intensities on the Frequency and Size of Stomata, the Size of Cells, the Number, Size and Chlorophyll Content of Chloroplasts in the Mesophyll and the Guard Cells during the Ontogeny of Primary Leaves of Sinapis alba

Wild, Aloysius; Wolf, Gabriel

doi:10.1016/s0044-328x(80)80006-7

Cited by 67 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…As compared to shade leaves, sun leaves are often characterized by thicker leaves and smaller leaf area [8,34,43,47], longer palisade cells (often in two rows) [26,43,47], a higher cutin, lipid and starch content per dry weight basis [30], a higher dry weight per leaf and leaf area unit [30,34], on average, also, a higher chlorophyll and carotenoid content (per unit leaf area), but lower levels on a dry weight basis [32,34,40], a higher prenylquinone content [34,40], a higher stomata density [8,12,43,64], higher chloroplast numbers [12,17,25,43], increased CO2-fixation rates and higher light saturation of photosynthesis [8,9,27,43,44,54,61], a higher level of soluble carbohydrates [43,62] and higher respiration rates [8,54,63].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosynthetic activity, chloroplast ultrastructure, and leaf characteristics of high-light and low-light plants and of sun and shade leaves

et al. 1981

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The photosynthetic CO2-fixation rates, chlorophyll content, chloroplast ultrastructure and other leaf characteristics (e.g. variable fluorescence, stomata density, soluble carbohydrate content) were studied in a comparative way in sun and shade leaves of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and in high-light and low-light seedlings. 1. Sun leaves of the beech possess a smaller leaf area, higher dry weight, lower water content, higher stomata density, higher chlorophyll a/b ratios and are thicker than the shade leaves. Sun leaves on the average contain more chlorophyll in a leaf area unit; the shade leaf exhibits more chlorophyll on a dry weight basis. Sun leaves show higher rates for dark respiration and a higher light saturation of photosynthetic CO2-fixation. Above 2000 lux they are more efficient in photosynthetic quantum conversion than the shade leaves. 2. The development of HL-radish plants proceeds much faster than that of LL-plants. The cotyledons of HL-plants show a higher dry weight, lower water content, a higher ratio of chlorophyll a/b and a higher gross photosynthesis rate than the cotyledons of the LL-plants, which possess a higher chlorophyll content per dry weight basis. The large area of the HL-cotyledon on the one hand, as well as the higher stomata density and the higher respiration rate in the LL-cotyledon on the other hand, are not in agreement with the characteristics of sun and shade leaves respectively. 3. The development, growth and wilting of wheat leaves and the appearance of the following leaves (leaf succession) is much faster at high quanta fluence rates than in weak light. The chlorophyll content is higher in the HL-leaf per unit leaf area and in the LL-leaf per g dry weight. There are no differences in the stomata density and leaf area between the HL- and LL-leaf. There are fewer differences between HL- and LL-leaves than in beech or radish leaves. 4. The chloroplast ultrastructure of shade-type chloroplasts (shade leaves, LL-leaves) is not only characterized by a much higher number of thylakoids per granum and a higher stacking degree of thylakoids, but also by broader grana than in sun-type chloroplasts (sun leaves, HL-leaves). The chloroplasts of sun leaves and of HL-leaves exhibit large starch grains. 5. Shade leaves and LL-leaves exhibit a higher maximum chlorophyll fluorescence and it takes more time for the fluorescence to decline to the steady state than in sun and HL-leaves. The variable fluorescence VF (ratio of fluorescence decrease to steady state fluorescence) is always higher in the sun and HL-leaf of the same physiological stage (maximum chlorophyll content of the leaf) than in the shade and LL-leaf. The fluorescence emission spectra of sun and HL-leaves show a higher proportion of chlorophyli fluorescence in the second emission maximum F2 than shade and LL-leaves. 6. The level of soluble carbohydrates (reducing sugars) is significantly higher in sun and HL-leaves than in shade and LL-leaves and even reflects changes in the amounts of the daily incident light. 7. Some but not all...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photosynthetic activity, chloroplast ultrastructure, and leaf characteristics of high-light and low-light plants and of sun and shade leaves

et al. 1981

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“…It was reported [3] that stroma-exposed membranes (intergranal thylakoids) contain higher amount of galacto~ipids than granal thylakoids. Since lower lamellar material per plastid in the suntype chloroplasts [22,25] is compensated by the higher number of chloroplasts [25,43,44] the results of the present study are understandable.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Effect of light intensity on pigments and main acyl lipids during ?natural? chloroplast development in wheat seedlings

et al. 1986

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The content and composition of pigments and acyl lipids (monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, digalactosyl diacylglycerol and phosphatidyl glycerol) have been investigated in developing chloroplasts isolated from successive 2-cm sections along the leaves of wheat seedlings grown either under 100, 30 or 3 W·m(-2). In all examined stages of plastid development chlorophyll a/b and chlorophyll/carotenoid ratios were higher with increasing irradiance, whereas chlorophyll content expressed on fresh weight basis gradually decreased.Concentrations of monogalactosyl diacylglycerol, digalactosyl diacylglycerol and phosphatidyl glycerol decreased per chlorophyll unit with increasing plastid maturity. The higher was the light intensity applied during plant growth, the higher were galactolipid and phosphatidyl glycerol contents in developing chloroplasts. During plastid development the percentage of α-linolenic acid markedly increased in total and individual acyl lipids. Under high light conditions, the accumulation of this fatty acid proceeded more rapidly. Significantly higher proportion of α-linolenic acid was found in acyl lipid fraction of chloroplasts differentiating in high light grown plants, than in those from plants exposed to lower light intensities. The differences in the double bond index may indicate higher fluidity of thylakoid membranes in sun-type chloroplasts.Trans-3Δ-hexadecenoic acid, virtually absent in the youngest plastids, was found in much higher concentration (per chlorophyll unit and as mol % of phosphatidyl glycerol fatty acids) in chloroplasts developing at high light conditions.

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“…Adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus to low-light conditions results in a decrease of RuBP-carboxylase-activity as well as of electron transport components and in a cooperation of more chlorophyll-protein-complexes in a bigger photosynthetic unit [ 15,19,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dependent on the light intensity and the light quality during growth, they develop strong-(sun) or weak-light (shade) leaves [9,15,19,21,24]. Not only light but also phytohormones are of great importance for chloroplast development [5,11,13,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of indole-3-acetic-acid on the photosynthetic apparatus of Sinapis alba

Zerbe

Wild

1980

Photosynth Res

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The influence of indole-3-acetic-acid (IAA) during the development of primary leaves of Sinapis alba was studied. IAA treatment (4 ppm ≈ 22.8 μM) caused a decrease of dry weight, soluble reducing sugars, soluble protein, chlorophylls, carotenoids and cytochrome f; it also caused a lower ratio of protein to chlorophyll, a lower ratio of chlorophyll a to chlorophyll b and a higher ratio of chlorophyll per cytochrome f. Furthermore, IAA treatment induced a significantly lower rate of CO2 fixation and a depressed nitrite reductase activity. Similar effects could also be observed in adaptation reactions brought about by red light and low-light (or shade) conditions.

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The Effect of Different Light Intensities on the Frequency and Size of Stomata, the Size of Cells, the Number, Size and Chlorophyll Content of Chloroplasts in the Mesophyll and the Guard Cells during the Ontogeny of Primary Leaves of Sinapis alba

Cited by 67 publications

References 24 publications

Photosynthetic activity, chloroplast ultrastructure, and leaf characteristics of high-light and low-light plants and of sun and shade leaves

Photosynthetic activity, chloroplast ultrastructure, and leaf characteristics of high-light and low-light plants and of sun and shade leaves

Effect of light intensity on pigments and main acyl lipids during ?natural? chloroplast development in wheat seedlings

The effect of indole-3-acetic-acid on the photosynthetic apparatus of Sinapis alba

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