The Effect of Different Iron Fortificants on Iron Absorption from Iron-Fortified Rice

Abstract

Iron absorption from rice fortified with different iron fortificants, e.g., ferrous sulfate (FeS0 4), sodium iron EDTA (NaFeEDTA), ferrous fumarate (FeFum), and ferrous bisglycinate (FeBis) was determined using an in vitro enzymatic digestion method simulating conditions in the small intestine and an in vivo method using radioisotope techniques. The in vitro method showed that the percentage of dialyzable iron from NaFeEDTA (15.7 ± 0.9) and FeS0 4-fortified rice (13.2 ± 1.5) was significantly greater than that from FeFum (6.4 ± 0.6; p < .05) and FeBis fortified rice (3.3 ± 0.8; p < .05). Iron absorption in vivo was investigated from FeS0 4 and NaFeEDTA fortified rice with and without fish and vegetables in 10 borderline irondeficient subjects. Iron absorption (mg) from NaFeEDTA fortified rice (0.44 ± 0.11) was significantly greater than from FeS0 4-fortified rice (0.22 ± 0.05; p < .05) and the unfortified rice (0.17 ± 0.02; p < .05). Iron absorption (mg) from a meal consisting of iron-fortified rice, fish, and vegetables was significantly greater from NaFeEDTA (0.88 ± 0.24) and FeS0 4 (0.67 ± 0.10)-fortified rice than from the unfortified rice (0.41 ± 0.08; p < .05). This study concluded that both NaFeEDTA and FeS04 are effective iron fortificants for rice. The binder used in the study may have a significant role in the release of iron from iron-fortified rice for absorption. Further studies on the use of other binders to maximize iron release and minimize iron loss during cooking should be conducted to improve iron absorption from the fortified rice/ricefish-vegetable meals. Results from this study can be used as a basis for food iron fortification programs as well as in the establishment of recommended dietary allowances for iron among Filipinos.

Development of Fortified Dried Broken Rice as a Complementary Food

“…In cereal that has a high phytate concentration, the bioavailability of iron from NaFeEDTA is two to three times higher than that of iron from ferrous sulfate [26]. Trinidad et al [27] investigated the bioavailability of iron from ferrous sulfate and NaFeEDTA in fortified rice by both in vitro and in vivo methods. The in vivo study showed that the percentage of iron absorption from NaFeEDTA was higher than that from ferrous sulfate, whereas no difference was found by the in vitro method.…”

“…Color and water activity of dried rice and color and pH of cooked broken rice fortified with different calcium and iron fortificants a 27 . 2.91 ± 0.08 13.68 ± 0.27 70.41 ± 0.10 -5.18 ± 0.14 5.00 ± 0.03 5.25 ± 0.02 0.22 ± 0.03 CLG + NaFeEDTA 88.29 ± 0.61 -0.32 ± 0.12 11.44 ± 0.22 71.00 ± 0.62 -4.3 ± 1.33 3.17 ± 3.23 5.69 ± 0.02 0.26 ± 0.13 CLG + Fe lactate 90.73 ± 0.60 -2.98 ± 0.03 13.85 ± 0.50 72.93 ± 0.57 -3.56 ± 0.57 2.21 ± 3.54 5.33 ± 0.03 0.18 ± 0.05 CL+ FeSO 4 87.77 ± 0.51 -1.53 ± 0.12 14.86 ± 0.08 72.65 ± 0.86 -4.45 ± 0.79 6.72 ± 0.82 5.24 ± 0.01 0.20 ± 0.05 CL+ NaFeEDTA 87.82 ± 0.41 -0.22 ± 0.29 10.56 ± 0.46 71.20 ± 0.37 -3.11 ± 0.49 7.47 ± 0.10 5.72 ± 0.03 0.17 ± 0.02 CL+ Fe lactate 88.40 ± 01.20 -1.45 ± 0.11 14.03 ± 0.06 70.83 ± 1.13 -2.91 ± 0.37 6.99 ± 0.67 5.22 ± 0.03 0.21 ± 0.05…”

Iron absorption and haemoglobin status of rats fed a ferrous bisglycinate‐fortified growing‐up milk

“…FeAAC has been used to fortify sweet rolls, cheese and milk for consumption by young children and substantial improvements in iron status indicators (serum levels of haemoglobin and ferritin, TIBC, ferritin) were reported 38–41. On the other hand, other studies have shown that FeAAC, compared to other iron fortificants, was less effective on iron absorption when using iron‐fortified rice 42. However, to the authors' knowledge, there are no previous studies on the absorption and iron status of FeAAC when added to an infant formula.…”

Effect of Helicobacter pylori Infection on Gastric Acid Secretion and Iron Absorption: Can We Iron Out the Issue?

“…Mean iron absorption from ferrous fumarate was similar to that from ferrous sulfate (absorption ratio 0.91‐1.28). A recent study by Trinidad et al (13) found that percentage of dialyzable iron from NaFeEDTA (15.7‐0.9) and ferrous sulfate (13.2‐1.5) was significantly greater than that from ferrous fumarate (6.0‐0.6). This agrees with the findings of the study under discussion.…”