The effect of dietary vitamin C on the immune response of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Hardie, Laura J.; Fletcher, Thelma C.; Secombes, Christopher J.

doi:10.1016/0044-8486(91)90087-n

Cited by 189 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…f. Outside the lesion area, strong encapsulation with increased fibroblastic activity is observed on 12 dpi. vitamin C has been reported in fish (Hardie et al, 1991;Ortuno et al, 1999). The results of the present study reflect the ability of ImmuPlus to promote growth and improve inflammatory response when administered through diet.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

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Priyadarshini¹,

Manissery²,

Mohan³

et al. 2012

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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The effect of 2 dosages (1.5 and 3.0%) of ImmuPlus, a polyherbal immunomodulator, was tested on growth and inflammatory response to Fruend's complete adjuvant (FCA) in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. The growth study was carried out for 120 days in nine 25 m 2 outdoor cement tanks by feeding triplicate groups of 40 common carp fry (av. wt. 0.4±0.03 g) with a control (T 0 without ImmuPlus) and two test diets (T 1 and T 2 with 1.5 and 3.0% ImmuPlus respectively). At the end of the growth experiment, 20 fish from each of these were used for evaluating the inflammatory response to FCA. The final weight gain of fish fed the test diets was significantly (P<0.05) higher, there being no difference between the two treatments. Specific growth rate of treated fish showed a significant increase (P<0.05) over that of the control fish. Supplementation of diet with ImmuPlus improved (P<0.05) survival of fish. Protein content of fish carcass was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the fish receiving the two test diets, while fat content was higher (P<0.05) only in fish from T 2 treatment. Enhanced (P<0.05) protease and amylase activity was found in the treated fish. Even though there were no marked differences in the overall inflammatory response between the control and treated fish following FCA administration, recovery was faster in the latter, with stronger encapsulation of the adjuvant droplets. The results reflect the ability of Immuplus to promote growth and improve inflammatory response when administered through diet.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Untitled

Priyadarshini¹,

Manissery²,

Mohan³

et al. 2012

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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“…Deficiencies of some vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional components have been shown to reduce the immunocompetence of fish (Bell et al 1984;Hardie et al 1990Hardie et al , 1991. Current aquaculture practice is invariably associated with various stresses which cause immunosuppression in fish (Cruz et al 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipotropes promote immunobiochemical plasticity and protect fish against low-dose pesticide-induced oxidative stress

Muthappa

Gupta

Yengkokpam

et al. 2014

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of different lipotropes in modulating immunity and biochemical plasticity under conditions of sublethal low-dose pesticide-induced stress in fish. Labeo rohita fish fingerlings were divided in two sets with one set of fish continuously exposed to low-dose endosulfan (1/10th of 96-h LC 50 ) for 21 days, the other was unexposed, and both sets of fish were fed with practical diets supplemented with either 2 % lecithin, 0.5 % betaine, or 0.1 % choline and compared against unsupplemented diet. Low-dose endosulfan exposure had adverse effects (P<0.05/P<0.01) on hematological profile (erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), serum protein (total protein, albumin, and globulin) and lipid profile (cholesterol and triglyceride), anti-oxidative status (ascorbic acid content of muscle, liver, brain, and kidney and activity of anti-oxidative enzymes: catalase and superoxide dismutase), neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase activity in muscle and brain), immunological attributes (WBC count, albumin to globulin ratio, phagocytic activity, and serum cortisol), and metabolic plasticity as revealed from enzyme activities (muscle lactate dehydrogenase, liver and kidney glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase-G6PDH activity). Dietary lipotropes prevented these effects completely or partially and the effects were lipotrope dependent. Kinetics (maximum velocity value V max , catalytic efficiency and Michaelis constant K m ) of G6PDH enzyme from crude extracts of liver and kidney indicated inhibition due to endosulfan but lipotropes could protect enzyme and showed a stabilizing effect. The supplements also helped maintain integrity of histoarchitecture of the hepatocytes in endosulfan-exposed fish to a great extent. Feeding lipotropes to fish reared in endosulfan-free water also improved hematological and serum protein and lipid profiles and were immunostimulatory. In conclusion, dietary lipotropes, especially betaine and lecithin at the levels used, improve erythropoiesis, serum protein and lipid profile, anti-oxidant status, immunocompetence, neurotransmission, and protect the livers of L. rohita fingerlings even when continuously exposed to low-dose endosulfan.

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“…It plays important roles in improving immune function [2] , improving growth [3] , providing good health, feed conversion, survival [4] , resisting stress [5] and oxidation [6] . Several authors have reported that most fish species are highly sensitive to dietary inadequacy of vitamin C. Deficiencies in fish can cause reduced growth rate, deformation of skeletal and cartilaginous tissues, slow wound repairs, increased mortality rate, abnormal pigmentation [7] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth, Feed Utilization and Haematology of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Vitamin C

Adewolu¹,

Aro²

2009

American J. of Applied Sciences

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Problem statement:In an effort to increase growth, improve feed utilization, reduce stress and prevent certain diseases, a 14 week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effects of different levels of dietary vitamin C (ascorbic acid) on growth, feed utilization and hematological changes in Clarias gariepinus fingerlings. Approach: Diets were formulated to contain 0, 50, 100, 150, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg L-ascorbic acid kg −1 of feed contributing 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% to the formulated diets respectively. Fish of mean weight 10.12±0.7 g were fed on experimental diets in triplicate groups. Weight gain of fish fed diet with 0% of vitamin C were significantly (p<0.05) lower than those fed on supplemented vitamin C diets. Fish fed diet with 1.5% of vitamin C showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher weight gain than fish fed on other diets. However, there were no significant (p>0.05) differences in weight gain among the fish fed diets containing 0.05, 0.10 and 0.15% of vitamin C. Generally, fish fed vitamin C supplemented diets showed better growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency compared with those without vitamin C supplementation. Results:The results of hematological analyses of fish showed that red blood cell, white blood cell, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume were not significantly (p>0.05) affected by vitamin C supplemented diets. Fish fed the vitamin C-free diet begin to show deficiency signs such as erratic swimming, flashing, skin darkening and reduced growth at 12 weeks of feeding trial. Conclusion: This study indicated that 50 mg kg −1 of ascorbic acid is sufficient to prevent C. gariepinus fingerlings from developing clinical symptoms relating to vitamin C deficiency. A mega dose of 1500 mg kg −1 of ascorbic acid gave maximum growth performance and feed utilization efficiency.

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The effect of dietary vitamin C on the immune response of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

Cited by 189 publications

References 29 publications

Untitled

Untitled

Lipotropes promote immunobiochemical plasticity and protect fish against low-dose pesticide-induced oxidative stress

Growth, Feed Utilization and Haematology of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) Fingerlings Fed Diets Containing Different Levels of Vitamin C

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