The effect of dietary protein and fermentable carbohydrates levels on growth performance and intestinal characteristics in newly weaned piglets1

Bikker, P.; Dirkzwager, A.; Fledderus, J.; Trevisi, Paolo; Huërou-Luron, Isabelle Le; Lallès, Jean Paul; Awati, A.

doi:10.2527/jas.2006-076

Cited by 140 publications

(114 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…Despite a high occurrence of digestive disorders in trial 1, growth and feed intake were similar or higher than those reported in previous studies (Bikker et al, 2006; Le Floc'h Figure 1 Percentage of piglets in trial 1 that exhibited mild or severe diarrhoea during the first phase of the experiment, considering the maximal severity recorded since weaning. Incidence was calculated by treatment with 17 piglets in each as follows: diarrhoea incidence (%) = (number of diarrhoea recorded)/(number of pigs by treatment × total experimental days) × 100, where the number of diarrhoea recorded was the sum of the number of pigs with diarrhoea observed each day for the experimental period.…”

Section: Health Statussupporting

confidence: 71%

Effects of dietary supplementation with freshwater microalgae on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut health in weaned piglets

Furbeyre

Milgen

Mener

et al. 2017

Animal

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In pigs, digestive disorders associated with weaning lead to antibiotic use to maintain intestinal health. Microalgae have been studied in humans and rodents for their beneficial effects on health. The nutritional value of microalgae in animal diets has been assessed, but results were not conclusive. Dietary supplementation with microalgae as an alternative to antibiotic use was studied in two trials (72 piglets with initial BW = 9.1 ± 1.1 kg in trial 1 and 24 piglets with initial BW = 9.1 ± 0.9 kg in trial 2). All piglets were weaned at 28 days of age and then housed in individual cages. Piglets were randomly allocated to one of the four diets during 2 weeks after weaning: a standard diet with no supplementation (NC) or the standard diet supplemented with 1% Spirulina (SP), with 1% Chlorella (CV), or with 0.2% of colistin as positive control (PC). Trial 1 was performed to determine the effect of microalgae supplementation from 28 to 42 days on performance and incidence of diarrhoea. Animals received then a standard diet from 42 to 56 days of age. Trial 2 was performed from 28 to 42 days of age to assess nutrient digestibility of the experimental diets and to determine inflammatory status and intestinal morphology at 42 days of age. In trial 1, 94% of the pigs had diarrhoea in the 1st week after weaning with no beneficial effect of colistin on diarrhoea incidence, average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and gain : feed (G : F) ratio. This suggests that the diarrhoea was due to digestive disorders that did not result from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection. Supplementation with either Spirulina or Chlorella did not affect ADFI, ADG and G : F in trials 1 and 2 ( P > 0.10). Diarrhoea incidence was reduced in CV pigs compared with NC, SP and PC pigs ( P < 0.05). Total tract digestibility in pig receiving microalgae was greater for gross energy ( P < 0.05), and tended to be greater for dry matter, organic matter and NDF ( P < 0.10) compared with NC and PC pigs. Villus height at the jejunum was greater in SP and CV pigs compared with NC and PC pigs ( P < 0.05). This study shows a potential effect of both Spirulina and Chlorella supplementation on intestinal development and a potential of Chlorella supplementation to manage mild digestive disorders. Further investigation is necessary to determine the mechanism action of Spirulina and Chlorella on gut health and physiology.

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Section: Health Statussupporting

confidence: 71%

Effects of dietary supplementation with freshwater microalgae on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut health in weaned piglets

Furbeyre

Milgen

Mener

et al. 2017

Animal

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“…However, these results are inconsistent with Bikker et al (2006) and Jeaurond et al, (2008) who observed a decrease in ammonia concentration in ileal and colonic digesta, respectively, with the addition of fibre to the diets of growing pigs. In these studies, it was suggested that a decrease in ammonia concentration indicated a reduction in FAAC by gut microbes when a fermentable fibre source was available.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Estimating fermentative amino acid catabolism in the small intestine of growing pigs

Columbus

Cant

Lange

2015

Animal

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Fermentative catabolism (FAAC) of dietary and endogenous amino acids (AA) in the small intestine contributes to loss of AA available for protein synthesis and body maintenance functions in pigs. A continuous isotope infusion study was performed to determine whole body urea flux, urea recycling and FAAC in the small intestine of ileal-cannulated growing pigs fed a control diet (CON, 18.6% CP; n = 6), a high fibre diet with 12% added pectin (HF, 17.7% CP; n = 4) or a low-protein diet (LP, 13.4% CP; n = 6). 15N-ammonium chloride and 13 C-urea were infused intragastrically and intravenously, respectively, for 4 days. Recovery of ammonia at the distal ileum was increased by feeding additional fibre when compared with the CON ( P < 0.05) but was not affected by dietary protein (0.24, 0.39 and 0.14 mmol nitrogen/kg BW/day for CON, HF and LP, respectively; P < 0.05). Lowering protein intake reduced urea flux (25.3, 25.7 and 10.3 mmol nitrogen/kg BW/day; P < 0.01), urinary urea excretion (14.4, 15.0 and 6.2 mmol N/kg BW/day; P < 0.001) and urea recycling (12.1, 11.3 and 3.23 mmol nitrogen/kg BW/day; P < 0.01) compared with CON. There was a rapid reduction in 15 N-ammonia enrichment in digesta along the small intestine suggesting rapid absorption of ammonia before the distal ileum and lack of uniformity of enrichment in the digesta ammonia pool. A two-pool model was developed to determine possible value ranges for nitrogen flux in the small intestine assuming rapid absorption of ammonia. Maximum estimated FAAC based on this model was significantly lower when dietary protein content was decreased (32.9, 33.4 and 17.4 mmol nitrogen/kg BW/day; P < 0.001). There was no impact of dietary fibre on estimates of small intestine nitrogen flux ( P > 0.05) compared with CON. The two-pool model developed in the present study allows for estimation of FAAC but still has limitations. Quantifying FAAC in the small intestine of pigs, as well as other non-ruminants and humans, offers a number of challenges but warrants further investigation.

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“…Similar results were observed by Molist et al (2009) when evaluating three diets containing wheat bran and/or beet pulp, and they found no changes in the occurrence of Lactobacillus ssp. Conversely, Bikker et al (2006) observed a higher occurrence of Lactobacillus ssp. in the intestine of weaned piglets fed diets containing high quantities of soluble carbohydrates.…”

Section: Sci Agric V72 N5 P400-410 September/october 2015mentioning

confidence: 81%

Purified cellulose, soybean hulls and citrus pulp as a source of fiber for weaned piglets

Pascoal

Thomaz

Watanabe

et al. 2015

Sci. agric. (Piracicaba, Braz.)

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Dietary fiber is an important component, which has a direct effect on intake, digestion, and absorption of nutrients; and also alters intestinal microbiota and morphology according to solubility. One digestibility trial and one performance experiment were performed to evaluate the effects of sources of fiber in diets for 21 day weaned piglets. The experimental diets used in both trials consisted of a control diet and diets with purified cellulose, soybean hulls or citrus pulp as a main source of dietary fiber. To evaluate the digestibility of nutrients (Assay 1), the total feces and urine collection method was used. The fiber sources did not affect nutrient digestibility, except for soluble fiber, which increased with the inclusion of citrus (Citrus sinensis L.) pulp. To evaluate performance, morphophysiology and microbiology of the digestive tract of weaned piglets, a total of 32 castrated male piglets was used. Slaughter of animals was implemented at 35 and 50 days of age. The use of soybean (Glycine max L.) hulls and citrus pulp in diets increased the number of goblet cells and the density of villi in the jejunum. The viscosities of stomach and cecum contents increased due to the addition of citrus pulp. Soybean hulls and the citrus pulp included in diets reduced the occurrence of E. coli in the small intestines of piglets slaughtered at 35 days of age. Among the fiber sources, purified cellulose in piglet diets promotes better performance of animals, due to the modulation of the small intestine microbiota, with lower E. coli occurrence resulting in higher villus density.

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The effect of dietary protein and fermentable carbohydrates levels on growth performance and intestinal characteristics in newly weaned piglets1

Cited by 140 publications

References 30 publications

Effects of dietary supplementation with freshwater microalgae on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut health in weaned piglets

Effects of dietary supplementation with freshwater microalgae on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut health in weaned piglets

Estimating fermentative amino acid catabolism in the small intestine of growing pigs

Purified cellulose, soybean hulls and citrus pulp as a source of fiber for weaned piglets

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