The effect of dietary bacitracin on the incidence of<i>streptococcus faecalis</i>subspecies<i>liquefaciens</i>and related streptococci in the intestines of young chicks

Barnes, Ella M.; Mead, G. C.; Impey, G. S.; Adams, B. W.

doi:10.1080/00071667808416534

Cited by 44 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The isolates recovered from chickens sold in supermarkets were more similar to the species types isolated from humans. These findings are explained, in part, by the known differences in the compositions of enterococci in the intestinal flora of poultry (1,7). In the farm animals that we studied that did not receive antibiotics, antibiotic-resistant enterococci were uncommon.…”

mentioning

confidence: 80%

Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci of animal origin

Thal

Chow

Mahayni

et al. 1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

100

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Among 97 enterococci cultured from animals, gentamicin MICs were >2,000 g/ml for 9 isolates and between 250 and 1,024 g/ml for 6 isolates. For two isolates tested (gentamicin MICs, 256 and 512 g/ml, respectively), there was no in vitro synergy with penicillin plus gentamicin, resistance was transferable, and there was no hybridization with a probe specific for 6-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase-2؆-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase. The results of the study indicate the presence of a unique gentamicin resistance genotype in enterococci of animal origin.Reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant enterococci have not been completely determined. Animals, human food, and the inanimate environment have been suspected as sources for some resistant clinical isolates (1-4, 19, 23, 24, 32, 38). Evidence for a disseminated erythromycin resistance determinant mediated by Tn917-like sequences has been shown in enterococci isolated from pigs, chickens, and humans (32). More recently, glycopeptide-resistant strains (vancomycin-resistant enterococci) have been identified in the feces of animals and chicken carcasses (2,3,21,(23)(24)(25) as well as in sewage in Barcelona (37) and the United Kingdom (2). In the study described here we surveyed a sample of enterococci of animal origin for penicillin, glycopeptide, and aminoglycoside resistance.The enterococcal strains used in the study are listed in Table 1. Stool samples for culture were collected from 16 separate horses, six pigs, fecal cow slurry, and 11 separate chickens from four farms in southeastern Michigan. Antibiotics were not used as feed additives at any of the farms. Twenty-eight veterinary enterococcal isolates from 16 horses and 12 birds were from the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. Food isolates were cultured from 29 whole frozen chicken carcasses (nine different brand names) sold in 17 supermarkets in southeastern Michigan. Other information on the animals was not available. Isolates were initially recovered on Columbia CNA with 5% sheep blood agar (Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Cockeysville, Md.). For each culture, three enterococcal colonies were evaluated when different morphologic types occurred. Conventional biochemical tests were used to identify all isolates (10). DNA probes were used (8) for confirmation of the species of the Enterococcus faecium isolates that could not be differentiated by the typing system published by Facklam and Collins (10).Susceptibilities to ampicillin (Sigma Chemical Co.), gentamicin (Schering Corp., Bloomfield, N.J.), streptomycin (Sigma Chemical Co.), and vancomycin (Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Ind.) were determined by broth microdilution methods (20,28). Time-kill experiments, ␤-lactamase detection, and DNA methods were as described elsewhere (14, 16, 25-27, 35, 36). A probe specific for the bifunctional 6Ј-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase-2Љ-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (AAC6Ј-APH2Љ) enzyme in E. faecalis was used for localization of the gentamicin resistance determinant (13). Table 1 shows ...

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mentioning

confidence: 80%

Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci of animal origin

Thal

Chow

Mahayni

et al. 1995

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

100

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“…(Guo et al, 2003). Lower population of pathogenic bacteria may increase availability of nutrients (Eyssen, 1962), eliminate sub-clinical infections (Barnes et al, 1978) and reduce production of growth-depressing toxins or metabolites by intestinal microflora (Dang and Visek, 1960). However, bird growth responses to herbal plants and its derived supplementation are still controversial.…”

Section: Herbal Plants As Growth and Health Promotersmentioning

confidence: 98%

Herbal plants and their derivatives as growth and health promoters in animal nutrition

2011

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The purpose of this review is to summarize the effectiveness, modes of action and commercial application of herbal plants and their derivatives as growth promoters for animal. Feed supplements are a group of feed ingredients that can cause a desired animal response in a non-nutrient role such as pH shift, growth, or metabolic modifier (Hutjens, 1991). Common feed additives used in animal diets include immunostimulators, antimicrobials, antioxidants, pH control agents and enzymes. Herbal plants, are a new class of growth promoters and in recent years this feed additives have gained extensive attention in the feed industry. They are a wide variety of herbs, spices, and products derived thereof, and are mainly essential oils. Although numerous reports have demonstrated antioxidative and antimicrobial and immune stimulation efficacy in vitro, respective experimental in vivo evidence is still quite limited. A limited number of experimental comparisons of herbal plants feed additives with antibiotics or organic acid have suggested similar effects on the animal gut microflora. Gut microflora has significant effects on host nutrition, health, and growth performance by interacting with nutrient utilization and the development of gut system of the host. In addition, some phytogenic compounds seem to promote intestinal mucus production. However, the future of using herbs in animal feeding will in great measure depend on the knowledge of chemical structure, their value and characteristics of practical herbs or their extract physiological needs and well-being of animal, and, above all on consumer's preferences and expectations.

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“…Strains of Lactobacillus spp. were identified as described by Mitsuoka (1969) and methods used to identify the streptococci were those described by Barnes et al (1978). The strains of Escherichia coli and Bacillus coagulans were identified according to Cowan (1974).…”

Section: Origin and Composition Of Protective Bacterial Mixturementioning

confidence: 99%

Competitive exclusion of salmonellas from the chick caecum using a defined mixture of bacterial isolates from the caecal microflora of an adult bird

Impey

Mead

George

1982

J. Hyg.

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SummaryColonization of the caeca of newly hatched chicks by Salmonella typhimurium was prevented by oral administration of a mixture of cultures comprising 48 different bacterial strains originating from an adult bird known to be free from salmonellas. The treatment conferred protection to the same degree as that obtained previously with a suspension of adult caecal contents or an undefined anaerobic culture from the same source and was demonstrated in four separate laboratory trials.Examination of the caecal microflora of chicks one day after being given the protective treatment showed that the presence of high levels of lactobacilli and Bacteroides spp. which are not found usually at two days of age in chicks produced under commercial conditions was indicative of the successful establishment of an adult-type microflora.Although the usual method of administering the protective organisms was to dose the chicks directly into the crop, it was also found possible to incorporate the organisms in the drinking water given to the birds at dilutions up to one in five, the maximum tested.When chicks were given the bacterial mixture via the crop and fed on a diet containing 10 mg kg−1 nitrovin and 100 mg kg−1 monensin, the bacteroides failed to establish in the caeca and the birds were not protected against salmonella colonization. However, when the bacterial cultures were incorporated in the drinking water and the chicks given the same feed, normal protection was obtained; possible reasons for these observations are discussed.

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The effect of dietary bacitracin on the incidence ofstreptococcus faecalissubspeciesliquefaciensand related streptococci in the intestines of young chicks

Cited by 44 publications

References 24 publications

Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci of animal origin

Characterization of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci of animal origin

Herbal plants and their derivatives as growth and health promoters in animal nutrition

Competitive exclusion of salmonellas from the chick caecum using a defined mixture of bacterial isolates from the caecal microflora of an adult bird

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