The Effect of Diagenetic Minerals on the Petrophysical Properties of Sandstone Reservoir: A Case Study of the Upper Shallow Marine Sandstones in the Central Bredasdorp Basin, Offshore South Africa

Abstract

The upper shallow marine sandstone reservoirs of the Barremian-to-Valanginian formation are the most porous and permeable sandstone reservoirs in the Bredasdorp Basin and an important target for oil and gas exploration. There is a paucity of information on the reservoir characterization and effect of diagenetic mineral studies focusing on the upper shallow marine sandstone reservoirs in the central Bredasdorp Basin; thus, there is a need to investigate the effect of diagenetic minerals and to characterize these reservoirs due to their high porosity and permeability. Datasets, including a suite of geophysical wireline logs, routine core analysis, geological well completion reports, description reports, and core samples, were utilized. A total of 642 core porosity measures, core water saturation, and core permeability data were used for calibration with the log-derived parameters, ranging in depth from 3615 m to 4259 m. Rock samples were prepared for diagenetic mineral analyses, such as thin sections and Scanning electron microscopy, for each well to investigate the presence of diagenetic minerals in the selected reservoir units. The petrophysical analyses showed the results of porosity, volume of clay, water saturation, and permeability, ranging from 9% to 27%, 8.6% to 19.8%, 18.9% to 30.4%, and 0.096 mD to 151.8 mD, respectively, indicating a poor-to-good reservoir quality. Mineralogical analyses revealed that micrite calcite, quartz cement, quartz overgrowth, and authigenic pore-filling and grain-coating clay minerals (illite–smectite and illite) negatively affected intergranular porosity. Porosity-versus-permeability cross plot showed good correlation of 0.86 for ZN1 and 0.83 for ZN3 reservoirs, suggesting that although porosity is the main drive of permeability, there were other geological factors at play, such as diagenetic minerals and compaction.