The effect of deployment to a combat zone on testosterone levels and the association with the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A longitudinal prospective Dutch military cohort study

Reijnen, Alieke; Geuze, Elbert; Vermetten, Eric

doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.017

Cited by 32 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Given the effects of menstrual cycle and pregnancy on PTSD symptom profiles [ 78 79 80 ], gonadal steroid hormones may also play a role in PTSD susceptibility and symptom presentation. Consistent with this, recent studies have reported that reduced estradiol [ 81 ] and testosterone [ 82 ] before exposure to trauma were related to increased risk for PTSD development.…”

Section: Potential Biomarkers Of Risk or Vulnerability To Ptsdsupporting

confidence: 60%

Peripheral Biomarker Candidates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2015

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There is high variability in the manifestation of physical and mental health problems following exposure to trauma and disaster. Although most people may show a range of acute symptoms in the aftermath of traumatic events, chronic and persistent mental disorders may not be developed in all individuals who were exposed to traumatic events. The most common long-term pathological consequence after trauma exposure is posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, comorbid conditions including depression, anxiety disorder, substance use-related problems, and a variety of other symptoms may frequently be observed in individuals with trauma exposure. Post-traumatic syndrome (PTS) is defined collectively as vast psychosocial problems that could be experienced in response to traumatic events. It is important to predict who will continue to suffer from physical and mental health problems and who will recover following trauma exposure. However, given the heterogeneity and variability in symptom manifestations, it is difficult to find identify biomarkers which predict the development of PTSD. In this review, we will summarize the results of recent studies with regard to putative biomarkers of PTSD and suggest future research directions for biomarker discovery for PTSD.

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Section: Potential Biomarkers Of Risk or Vulnerability To Ptsdsupporting

confidence: 60%

Peripheral Biomarker Candidates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

2015

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“…Furthermore, central levels of the anxiolytic neuroactive steroid allopregnanolone, a potent modulator of GABAergic inhibition, are decreased in women with PTSD (54). Low levels of testosterone in men, on the other hand, have prospectively been associated with increased rates of PTSD (55) and increased risk for PTSD (56). These data, along with epidemiological studies strongly suggesting that female sex is a risk factor for psychopathology (including PTSD; (57) and reinforce the need to better understand the influence of gonadal steroid hormones in men and women with PTSD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnostic Biomarkers for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Promising Horizons from Translational Neuroscience Research

Michopoulos¹,

Norrholm²,

Jovanović³

2015

Biological Psychiatry

170

123

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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a heterogeneous disorder that affects individuals exposed to trauma (e.g., combat, interpersonal violence, and natural disasters). Although its diagnostic features have been recently re-classified with the emergence of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), the disorder remains characterized by hyperarousal, intrusive reminders of the trauma, avoidance of trauma-related cues, and negative cognition and mood. This heterogeneity indicates the presence of multiple neurobiological mechanisms underlying the etiology and maintenance of PTSD. Translational research spanning the past few decades has revealed several potential avenues for the identification of diagnostic biomarkers for PTSD. These include, but are not limited to, monoaminergic transmitter systems, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, metabolic hormonal pathways, inflammatory mechanisms, psychophysiological reactivity, and neural circuits. The current review provides an update to the literature with regard to the most promising putative PTSD biomarkers with specific emphasis on the interaction between neurobiological influences on disease risk and symptom progression. Such biomarkers will most likely be identified by multi-dimensional models derived from comprehensive descriptions of molecular, neurobiological, behavioral, and clinical phenotypes.

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“…In this same population, pre‐deployment testosterone levels were able to predict the development of PTSD symptoms in the years following deployment (Kennedy et al, ). Additionally, this and other studies have indicated that changes in testosterone may only be seen in the acute phase after deployment, if at all (Karlović et al, ; Reijnen, Geuze, & Vermetten, ). The role of pre‐deployment endocrine levels is an important variable and should be considered in assessing these relationships.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Neuroendocrine function and associated mental health outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury in OEF‐deployed service members

Ciarlone

Statz

Goodrich

et al. 2020

J of Neuroscience Research

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Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) has been linked to mental health disorders (MHDs) and pituitary function alterations. Due to the complex relationship of mTBI, the neuroendocrine system, and MHDs, we propose that neuroendocrine dysfunction (NED) may play a role in negative long-term health outcomes. The goal of this study was to determine if blast-concussed service members (SMs) have a stronger likelihood of developing NED. We hypothesized that NED either pre-or post-injury is associated with poor mental and physical health outcomes. Serum samples from the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch were obtained from concussed (n = 59) and nonconcussed (n = 72) SMs treated at the Concussion Restoration Care Center (CRCC) in Afghanistan. Serum was collected within 2 years prior to deployment and one or two times within 3 years following their CRCC visit. Samples were analyzed for luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, human growth hormone, cortisol, and prolactin to assess post-injury neuroendocrine function. Results indicate that SMs who incurred an mTBI exhibited long-term LH and testosterone deficiencies 3 years following injury compared to controls. Specifically, 47.6% of head-injured SMs displayed hypofunction in at least one of five hormones at 3 years post-injury. Anxiety disorders were the most common MHD observed in concussed SMs with hypopituitarism, while there was also a trend for SMs with chronic pituitary dysfunction to have MHD diagnoses. Findings indicate blast-related mTBI may be associated with long-term health outcomes following a period of incubation. Neuroendocrine screenings may increase treatment opportunities, inform rehabilitation strategies, and improve overall quality of life for patients. K E Y W O R D S concussion, military, neuroendocrine, pituitary, traumatic brain injury Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.| 1175 CIARLONE Et AL.

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The effect of deployment to a combat zone on testosterone levels and the association with the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms: A longitudinal prospective Dutch military cohort study

Cited by 32 publications

References 55 publications

Peripheral Biomarker Candidates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Peripheral Biomarker Candidates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Diagnostic Biomarkers for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Promising Horizons from Translational Neuroscience Research

Neuroendocrine function and associated mental health outcomes following mild traumatic brain injury in OEF‐deployed service members

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