The effect of demographic and social factors on the decision-making of community pharmacists in ethical dilemmas

Rajiah, Kingston; Venaktaraman, Rajesh

doi:10.4103/jrpp.jrpp_19_15

Cited by 12 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These business-oriented choices may be ascribed to the fact that fourth-year students had studied a Pharmacy Business Management course, which focused on accounting and financial management, human resource management and marketing in the context of community and/or hospital pharmacybasically emphasising the importance of maintaining the viability of the business side of community pharmacy. Financial pressure, typical of the realm of the business of pharmacy, has often been acknowledged as having a negative impact in undermining and preventing pharmacists from applying ethical principles in decision-making in practice (Chaar et al, 2005;Al-Aqeel, 2013;Mikhael & Al-Tukmagi, 2016;Arslan et al, 2018;Rajiah & Venaktaraman, 2019;. The findings were similar to those of Saw and authors (2018), who noted the negative effect financial burdens have on ethical decision-making processes of not only established pharmacists but younger pharmacists in particular.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Exploring and evaluating Vertically Integrated Teaching in Ethical Decision-Making (VIT-EDM) in pharmacy

et al. 2021

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Background: With increased patient-centred care, pharmacists are often faced with ethical dilemmas and expected to provide solutions for practice dilemmas, relying on ethical judgment, principles of professional ethics, standards of practice, and moral reasoning capabilities. Pharmacists need to be competent in ethical decision-making which will enable them to act in a morally preferable and justifiable manner with patients. Literature has shown that moral reasoning skills are teachable and measurable competencies in healthcare. Objective: To evaluate the impact of implementing a vertically integrated teaching approach in ethical decision-making (VIT-EDM), on moral reasoning capabilities of pharmacy students as they progressed from year-one (pre-exposure to teaching intervention) to final year (post-intervention) of pharmacy studies, using the Professional Ethics in Pharmacy test (PEP) as a surrogate measure of moral reasoning capabilities. Methods: Cross-sectional, parallel cohort, comparison study, using PEP. A de-identified electronic survey link was emailed to enrolled students in each targeted cohort. Descriptive and inferential statistics were conducted using SPSS. Results: Fourth-year students’ confidence measures were significantly higher in decision-making. Furthermore, students’ decision-making and moral reasoning measures were higher in fourth-year students. They generally demonstrated moral reasoning capabilities belonging to stage four of moral reasoning levels, which is related to benefitting patients while respecting authorities and legal requirements. However, the difference in the P-scores (fourth-year and first-year) was not found statistically significant. Conclusion: Findings of this study underlined the positive impact of the (VIT-EDM) approach, a relatively novel mixed-method pedagogy in teaching pharmacy ethics. It highlighted the enhanced confidence of students in ethical decision-making when facing an ethical dilemma.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 66%

Exploring and evaluating Vertically Integrated Teaching in Ethical Decision-Making (VIT-EDM) in pharmacy

et al. 2021

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“…Indeed, by going to the source as early as possible, pharmacy students get a solid formation on empathy and its psychosocial attributes [ 40 ]. Implementing different learning techniques i.e., simulated learning with ethical scenarios, inter-professional and problem-based learning, can lead to enhanced values, ethics, and decision-making [ 41 ]. Several studies show that empathetic relationships with patients are followed by rewards, with empathetic dialogue leading to patient satisfaction, adherence to treatment (sometimes), comprehension, and enhanced clinical outcomes [ 42 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with empathy among community pharmacists in Lebanon

Hobeika

Hallit

Sacre³

et al. 2020

J of Pharm Policy and Pract

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Introduction Empathy is the cornerstone of the relationship between the healthcare provider and the patient. In Lebanon, no studies have investigated the factors associated with empathy among community pharmacists. Hence, the importance of this research to better understand empathy and help community pharmacists with this vital aspect of their practice. Objective This study aimed to evaluate empathy and possible factors associated with it among Lebanese community pharmacists. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out between March and July 2018. It enrolled a proportionate random sample of 435 community pharmacists from all Lebanese districts. The Epi info software calculated the minimum sample size, based on a total number of 3762 community pharmacists, with an expected frequency of 50% of pharmacists with low empathy, and a 95% confidence interval. The minimal sample size required was 350 community pharmacists; our sample size was 435 to account for missing values. Results Our results revealed that 228 (53.4%) pharmacists had low empathy. Lower empathy was significantly associated with more physical (Beta = − 0.331) and mental (Beta = − 0.126) work fatigue, higher age (Beta = − 0.125) and a practice experience between 3 years and less than 6 years compared to less than 6 months (Beta = − 2.440). Conclusion This study shed the light on some factors associated with empathy among Lebanese community pharmacists. Low empathy levels were significantly associated with factors such as age, practice experience, and mental and physical work fatigue, all of which impact the practice, as the accepted model of pharmacy practice requires that pharmacists establish effective communication and use interpersonal skills. Therefore, developing empathetic communication skills is considered essential. Furthermore, increased mental and physical work fatigue should not hinder community pharmacists’ access to self-care, whether for their mental or physical health.

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“…G*Power 3.1 was employed for power analysis (Faul et al, 2009). The effect size was drawn from a study on the relationship of demographic and social factors to ethical decision making in health professionals (Rajiah & Venaktaraman, 2019). The average Cohen's d reported in this study (d = .35) was converted into the Cohen's f 2 needed for a multiple regression power calculation.…”

Section: Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship of Psychotherapist Demographic Variables to Discipline Board Misconduct Content

Ström¹,

Dykeman²

2020

Preprint

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This study was designed as an investigation of psychotherapist variables that correlate with the contents of findings of misconduct. While there is a scarcity of current research regarding clinician characteristics that correlate with professional misconduct, many assumptions and untested hypotheses appear. In particular, gender is often identified as a critical component of professional misconduct. Despite these common assertions, virtually no published research exists regarding correlations between gender and marriage and family therapist (MFT) professional misconduct. This study employed a retrospective cross-sectional study to analyze a randomized convenience sample of the records of final determinations of psychotherapist disciplinary actions across eight states. Four predictor variables (gender, years of experience, geographical region, and type of license) were correlated with five criterion variables consisting of word counts for five linguistic categories (family, substance, finance, sex, friend, and recordkeeping words). Frequency rates of the criterion variables were calculated. Relationships between all variables were evaluated through a multiple linear regression analysis. The data show a wide variation of prevalence rates across the predictor variables. Five of the multiple regression analyses produced statistically significant results. Gender was related to both family and substance use related words, while years of practice was related to family, finance, sex, friend, and recordkeeping words. No relationship was found between recordkeeping words and any of the predictor variables. Similarly, no relationship was found between any of the criterion variables and geographic region or license type.

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The effect of demographic and social factors on the decision-making of community pharmacists in ethical dilemmas

Cited by 12 publications

References 28 publications

Exploring and evaluating Vertically Integrated Teaching in Ethical Decision-Making (VIT-EDM) in pharmacy

Exploring and evaluating Vertically Integrated Teaching in Ethical Decision-Making (VIT-EDM) in pharmacy

Factors associated with empathy among community pharmacists in Lebanon

The Relationship of Psychotherapist Demographic Variables to Discipline Board Misconduct Content

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