The effect of dapagliflozin on glycaemic control and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a real-world observational study

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis Dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is indicated for improving glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Whether its effects on HbA 1c and other variables, including safety outcomes, in clinical trials are obtained in real-world practice needs to be established. Methods We used data from the comprehensive national diabetes register, the Scottish Care Information-Diabetes (SCI-Diabetes) collaboration database, available from 2004 to mid-2016. Data within this database were linked to mortality data from the General Registrar, available from the Information Services Division (ISD) of the National Health Service in Scotland. We calculated crude within-person differences between pre-and post-drug-initiation values of HbA 1c , BMI, body weight, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and eGFR. We used mixed-effects regression models to adjust for within-person time trajectories in these measures. For completeness, we evaluated safety outcomes, cardiovascular disease events, lower-limb amputation and diabetic ketoacidosis, focusing on cumulative exposure effects, using Cox proportional hazard models, though power to detect such effects was limited. Results Among 8566 people exposed to dapagliflozin over a median of 210 days the crude within-person change in HbA 1c was −10.41 mmol/mol (−0.95%) after 3 months' exposure. The crude change after 12 months was −12.99 mmol/mol (−1.19%) but considering the expected rise over time in HbA 1c gave a dapagliflozin-exposure-effect estimate of −15.14 mmol/mol (95% CI −15.87, −14.41) (−1.39% [95% CI −1.45, −1.32]) at 12 months that was maintained thereafter. A drop in SBP of −4.32 mmHg (95% CI −4.84, −3.79) on exposure within the first 3 months was also maintained thereafter. Reductions in BMI and body weight stabilised by 6 months at −0.82 kg/m 2 (95% CI −0.87, −0.77) and −2.20 kg (95% CI −2.34, −2.06) and were maintained thereafter. eGFR declined initially by −1.81 ml min −1 [1.73 m] −2 (95% CI −2.10, −1.52) at 3 months but varied thereafter. There were no significant effects of cumulative drug exposure on safety outcomes. Conclusions/interpretation Dapagliflozin exposure was associated with reductions in HbA 1c , SBP, body weight and BMI that were at least as large as in clinical trials. Dapagliflozin also prevented the expected rise in HbA 1c and SBP over the period of study.

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Association between sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and lower extremity amputation: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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SGLT2 Inhibitors and Kidney Outcomes in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease

“…It has been well recognized that SGLT2i decrease serum glucose level by increasing urinary glucose excretion [ 61 , 62 , 63 ]. Renoprotective benefits of SGLT2i, apart from glucose-lowering mechanisms, are also well established.…”