The Effect of Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial of Synthesized CuO NPs from Propolis on HEK‐293 Cells and Lactobacillus acidophilus

Abstract

Background. Drug resistance is currently possible anywhere in the world. Due to the discovery of antimicrobials, medicine, and health have made tremendous advances over the past several decades. Aim. This research evaluated the antimicrobial and cytotoxicity effects of green synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) on Lactobacillus acidophilus and human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK). Method and Materials. Propolis was sampled and extracted. Green synthesis of CuO NPs was synthesized and characterized using SEM, TEM, DLS, BET, and zeta potential methods. L. acidophilus (ATCC 4356) was used, and the antimicrobial tests were carried out at different concentrations (10≥ mg/ml). Moreover, the cytotoxicity was evaluated using an MTT assay on human embryonic kidney 293 cells (HEK). Results. Synthesized CuO NPs using propolis extracts from Khalkhal (sample 1) and Gillan (sample 2) showed −13.2 and −14.4 mV, respectively. The hydrodynamic sizes of well-dispersed samples 1 and 2 were 3124.9 nm and 1726.7 nm, respectively. According to BET analysis, samples 1 and 2 had 5.37 and 8.45 m2/g surface area, respectively. The surface area was decreased due to the addition of propolis extract, and the pore size was increased. CuO NPs of samples 1 and 2 were visible on SEM images with diameters ranging from 75 to 145 nm and 120 to 155 nm, respectively. Based on TEM analysis, the size of CuO particles was increased in samples 1 and 2. CuO NPs particles had narrow size distributions with evenly dispersed NPs on all sides. The cell viability of the CuO NPs of samples 1 and 2 after 24, 48, and 72 hours was greater than 50%. As a result of the MIC and MBC tests, it was determined that samples 1 and 2 had the same effect against L. acidophilus (0.0024 mg/ml). Biofilm formation and degradation of sample 1 were more efficient against L. acidophilus. Conclusion. There was no evidence of cytotoxicity in the samples. In addition, results showed that the green synthesized CuO NPs from Khalkhal propolis were effective against L. acidophilus. Thus, the green synthesized CuO NPs from Khalkhal propolis were the best candidates for clinical application.

Biogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles: comprehensive in vitro profiling for cervical cancer treatment and antibacterial strategies

“…Assessing cell viability via a HEK293 cell assay over a 72 h incubation period resulted in an IC 50 value of 100 μg mL −1 . 98 Chemically synthesized CuO nanoparticles (size <50 nm) were utilized in treating the HEK293 cell line. The results demonstrated that subjecting HEK293 cells to varied concentrations of CuO NPs resulted in a dose-dependent decline in cell viability, exhibiting an IC 50 value of 65.5 μg mL −1 .…”

Assessing cytotoxicity and endoplasmic reticulum stress in human blood–brain barrier cells due to silver and copper oxide nanoparticles

“…Both BMECs and astrocytes treated with CuO-NPs for 24 -48 h showed similar IC 50 values, with a slight time-dependent toxicity increase. Hajizadeh et al (2023) used different green biosynthesized CuO-NP concentrations (2.5 -100 μg/mL) in human embryonic kidney cells to examine cellular effects for 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h. From MTT data, cell survival rates were over 50% at all-time points. The authors synthesized CuO-NPs using propolis extracts, which are non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and easy-to-use materials for CuO-NP synthesis.…”

Biological Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Edible Plant Allium monanthum: Characterization of Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Anti-Inflammatory Properties Using In Silico Molecular Docking Analysis

“…The green-based synthesis of metal NPs has been extensively investigated, since their unique characteristics, such as shorter time and single-step reactions without the addition of any chemical reducing or stabilizing agents, facilitate the production of NPs with the desired sizes and shapes and high biocompatibility [12]. In addition, the formation of NPs during biosynthesis consists of three major stages: reduction of ions, clustering, and further NP growth.…”

“…To date, different natural resources have been utilized for the green synthesis method: for example, plants, algae, bacteria, fungi, food waste, and so on. Plants and their active ingredients can provide a suitable medium for the largescale production of various metallic NPs, and it becomes a novel and environmentally friendly process [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Plant-mediated NP synthesis has many advantages, such as ease of use, biological safety, the variety of active metabolites in the synthesis reaction, lower preparation time, and production of high-purity NPs.…”