The effect of corrective and therapeutic exercises on bleeding volume and severe menstrual pain in non-athletic women

Title: Immediate Effect Of Physiotherapy Intervention In Subjects With Primary Dysmenorrhea – A Quasi-experimental Study

“…In the current study the isometric exercises were used along with the modality (hot pack), deep breathing exercise, bridging and kegel's exercises which were given during the first or second day of menstrual cycle and pain was assessed before and immediately after giving the interventions and showed the similar and better result i.e., the pain intensity and severity of pain quality is reduced with p-value of 0.00. The study conducted by Berkiye Kirmizigil et al 6 a randomized clinical trial on the effectiveness of functional exercises on pain and sleep quality in patients with primary dysmenorrhea and Nahid Lorzadeh et al 9 conducted a quasi-experimental study to evaluate the effect of corrective and therapeutic exercises on severe menstrual pain in non-athletic women in both the studies interventional group included various exercises like stretching exercises, yoga, core strengthening exercises, pelvic area exercises and kegel's exercises, and corrective exercises which was performed for 8 weeks (6) and 12 weeks 9 . According to the result of these studies, a combined exercise therapy helps in relieving the symptoms of dysmenorrhea (p-value 0.05), pain (p-value < 0.05) and improves sleep quality (p-value <0.05) from the first cycle 6 and latter study revealed a significant decrease in the severity of menstrual pain with p-value < 0.01 9 .…”

“…The outcome measure short-form McGill pain questionnaire was taken before and after the interventions to evaluate the pain intensity and effectiveness of intervention. Following interventions was given to the participants: ➢ Deep breathing exercise -10 repetitions (6,7) ➢ Moist heat-10 min (17) ➢ Sleeping in supine position, extending the feet next to each other, pressing the feet on each other, holding for 5 sec, and relaxing (pelvic floor and femoral adductor muscles) -10rep x 1 set (8,9) Note: keep pillow/ towel between both the feet and press ➢ Crook lying with lifting head and neck up, holding for 5 sec, and relaxing -10rep x 1 set (8,9) ➢ Crook lying, touching heel side to side, right followed by left -10 reps x 1 set (8,9) ➢ Kegel's exercise -10 reps x 1 set (6,7,11) ➢ Bridging -10 reps x 1 set (6,11) The outcome (short-form McGill pain questionnaire) for pain measure was taken immediately after the interventions and the data was recorded.…”

“…It may be accompanied by vasomotor changes causing pallor, cold sweats and occasional fainting. (1,5,7) The etiology of primary dysmenorrhea is not clearly understood but PD symptoms can be caused by increase in release of uterine prostaglandin (PGF2 ALPHA, PGE2) levels during menstruation (8,9,10) . Prostaglandins are released with maximum production during shedding of the endometrium and PGF2alpha is a strong vasoconstrictor, which causes ischemia of the myometrium (1,5,6,8) and it will lead to increased myometrial contraction.…”

Elite female football players’ perception of the impact of their menstrual cycle stages on their football performance. A semi-structured interview-based study

“…Players were excluded if they had been oligomenorrheic, amenorrhoeic in the past three months, were currently pregnant or using HC. Participants included one goalkeeper, five defenders, three midfields and six forwards with an average age of 25.2 (18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33). Four players were recruited from club 1, whilst 11 were recruited from club 2.…”

“…In elite rugby, players were found to experience less back pain than the general and athletic populations, [16] and our data follows this trend (6%). Whether these findings are random effects or a population specific finding due to impacts of high levels of exercise [24,25] or supporting the hypothesis that elite players are more accustomed to pain [16,26] remains for further research to investigate. Players also experience cyclical appetite changes (46%), altering their nutritional regime, a key component of optimal performance.…”