“…However, the research trend of zero anaphora resolution has shifted from such rule-based approaches to machine learningbased approaches because in machine learning we can easily integrate many different types of information, such as morpho-syntactic, semantic and discourse-related information. Researchers have developed methods of zero anaphora resolution for Chinese (Zhao and Ng, 2007;Chen and Ng, 2013), Japanese (Seki et al, 2002;Isozaki and Hirao, 2003;Iida et al, 2007a;Taira et al, 2008;Sasano et al, 2008;Sasano et al, 2009;Imamura et al, 2009;Watanabe et al, 2010;Hayashibe et al, 2011;Iida and Poesio, 2011;Yoshikawa et al, 2011;Hangyo et al, 2013;Yoshino et al, 2013) and Italian (Iida and Poesio, 2011). One critical issue in zero anaphora resolution is optimizing the outputs of sub-problems (e.g., zero anaphor detection and antecedent identification).…”