The effect of context stimuli on learning and retention.

Video context-dependent recall

“…Our approach is not radically different from other context manipulations in which target words were associated with contexts at study and in which the targets were cued at test (e.g., Dulsky, 1935;Isarida & Isarida, 2004;Murnane & Phelps, 1994;Rutherford, 2004;Weiss & Margolius, 1954). Providing memory cues at test, as was done in these studies, is an experimental method with a long history (e.g., Calkins, 1896;Thomson & Tulving, 1970;Tulving & Osler, 1968).…”

“…Simple contexts manipulate features such as font color, background screen color, or screen location (e.g., Dulsky, 1935;Isarida & Isarida, 2007;Macken, 2002;Murnane & Phelps, 1993, 1994, 1995Murnane, Phelps, & Malmberg, 1999;Rutherford, 2004;Weiss & Margolius, 1954). With such methods, local contexts-that is, contexts that can change from one event to the next-are usually examined Rutherford, 2004).…”

When unfamiliarity matters: Changing environmental context between study and test affects recognition memory for unfamiliar stimuli.

“…Many studies have demonstrated context effects with unfamiliar verbal material (nonwords) using recallbased memory tasks (Dulsky, 1935;Jensen, Harris, & Anderson, 1971;S. Smith & Guthrie, 1921;Weiss & Margolius, 1954), but to our knowledge no published studies have investigated context effects with unfamiliar verbal material using recognition memory tasks (see S. M. , for a review).…”

Associative and perceptual dominance in compounding stimuli

“…Weiss, & Margolis (1954), Hill & Wickens (1962), Feldman (1963), and Saltz (1963) found that compounding cues enhances P-A learning while Horowitz, Lippman, Norman, & McCronkie (1964) and Underwood, Ham, & Ekstrand (1962) reached the opposite conclusion. Such contradiction in results have been ascribed to the variable level of stimulus complexity employed in these stuuies.…”