The effect of concentration and temperature on the conductivity ratio of potassium chloride solutions to standard seawater of salinity 35 ‰(Cl 19.3740 ‰)

Dauphinee, T. M.; Ancsin, J; Klein, H.; Phillips, M.

doi:10.1109/joe.1980.1145444

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Standard seawater obtained from batches P73, P75, and P79 was used to determine the conductivity of (diluted and concentrated standard seawater with) salinities = 35 relative to (seawater with) a salinity of 35. These measurements were reported by Bradshaw and Schleicher (1980), Dauphinee et al (1980b), and Poisson (1980b). For weighing, very precise balances were used, e.g.…”

Section: Comparability Of Salinitysupporting

confidence: 55%

The density–salinity relation of standard seawater

et al. 2018

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Abstract. The determination of salinity by means of electrical conductivity relies on stable salt proportions in the North Atlantic Ocean, because standard seawater, which is required for salinometer calibration, is produced from water of the North Atlantic. To verify the long-term stability of the standard seawater composition, it was proposed to perform measurements of the standard seawater density. Since the density is sensitive to all salt components, a density measurement can detect any change in the composition. A conversion of the density values to salinity can be performed by means of a density-salinity relation. To use such a relation with a target uncertainty in salinity comparable to that in salinity obtained from conductivity measurements, a density measurement with an uncertainty of 2 g m −3 is mandatory. We present a new density-salinity relation based on such accurate density measurements. The substitution measurement method used is described and density corrections for uniform isotopic and chemical compositions are reported. The comparison of densities calculated using the new relation with those calculated using the present reference equations of state TEOS-10 suggests that the density accuracy of TEOS-10 (as well as that of EOS-80) has been overestimated, as the accuracy of some of its underlying density measurements had been overestimated. The new density-salinity relation may be used to verify the stable composition of standard seawater by means of routine density measurements.

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Section: Comparability Of Salinitysupporting

confidence: 55%

The density–salinity relation of standard seawater

et al. 2018

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“…The experiments of Dauphinee et al (1980) and Gates and Wood (1985) have confirmed that the preparation of dry KCl by fusion, as described in section 2d, leaves no reasonably quantifiable amount of residual water in the KCl to contribute to the combined standard uncertainty.…”

Section: A Preparation Of Dry Kclmentioning

confidence: 65%

“…Among the reasons for choosing KCl were the following: (i) KCl was the accepted standard in electrical conductivity measurements, and (ii) Merck "Suprapur" (brand-named "Aristar" in the United Kingdom) KCl was of sufficient purity for use as a standard (Poisson 1980) and (iii) it was consistent within and between batches (Dauphinee et al 1980). It was also claimed that the major impurity was sodium chloride (NaCl), but that at the level of interest the molal conductivities of the two salts were sufficiently similar as to minimize the effect of the impurity (Lewis 1980).…”

Section: B Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

IAPSO Standard Seawater: Definition of the Uncertainty in the Calibration Procedure, and Stability of Recent Batches

Bacon

Culkin

Higgs

et al. 2007

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

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Standard seawater (SSW) has been employed by oceanographers as a reference material in the determination of salinity for over a century. In all that time, this is the first study to determine the uncertainty of the SSW manufacturing process. SSW is calibrated in reference to carefully prepared solutions of potassium chloride (KCl). All uncertainties in the preparation and measurement of KCl solutions and of new SSW are calculated. The expanded uncertainty of the SSW conductivity ratio is found to be 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 , based on a coverage factor of 2, at the time of manufacture. There is no discernible "within batch" variability. No significant variability of quality within or between batches of KCl is found. Measurement of SSW "offsets" from the label conductivity ratio as long as 5 yr after the SSW batch manufacture are reported, and no significant change in label conductivity ratio for SSW batches P130 through P144 outside the expanded uncertainty of 1 ϫ 10 Ϫ5 is found. This last result is in contrast to some other studies, and herein are suggestions as to why this may be the case.

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“…5, where we discuss under what conditions this uncertainty contribution to a Practical Salinity result has to be considered. (Culkin and Smith, 1980;Dauphinee et al, 1980;Poisson, 1980), each evaluated at 14.996 • C. A measuring device for Practical Salinity, such as a salinometer or a conductivity-temperature-depth probe (CTD), measures the conductance G of a sample filled into the measuring cell. For calibration of a salinometer IAPSO Standard Seawater (SSW) is used.…”

Section: Traceability Of Practical Salinity Measurement Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metrological traceability of oceanographic salinity measurement results

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Consistency of observed oceanographic salinity data is discussed with respect to contemporary metrological concepts. The claimed small uncertainty of salinity measurement results traceable to the conductivity ratio of a certified IAPSO Standard Seawater reference is not metrologically justified if results are compared on climatic time scales. This applies in particular to Practical Salinity S P , Reference Salinity S R , and the latest estimates of Absolute Salinity using the TEOS-10 formalism. On climate time scales an additional contribution to the uncertainty that is related to unknown property changes of the reference material must be accounted for. Moreover, when any of these measured or calculated quantity values is used to estimate Absolute Salinity of a seawater sample under investigation, another uncertainty contribution is required to quantify the accuracy of the equations relating the actually measured quantity to the Absolute Salinity. Without accounting for these additional uncertainties, such results cannot be used to estimate Absolute Salinity with respect to the International System of Units (SI), i.e. to the unit chosen for the mass fraction of dissolved material in the sample, which is "g kg −1 ". From a metrological point of view, such deficiencies in the calculations involving other quantities will produce SI-incompatible results. We outline how these problems can be overcome by linking salinity to primary SI measurement standards.

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The effect of concentration and temperature on the conductivity ratio of potassium chloride solutions to standard seawater of salinity 35 ‰(Cl 19.3740 ‰)

Cited by 14 publications

References 5 publications

The density–salinity relation of standard seawater

The density–salinity relation of standard seawater

IAPSO Standard Seawater: Definition of the Uncertainty in the Calibration Procedure, and Stability of Recent Batches

Metrological traceability of oceanographic salinity measurement results

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