The effect of compressive loading on the ultrasonic detectability of kissing bonds in adhesive joints

Brotherhood, CJ; Drinkwater, Bruce W.; Guild, FJ

doi:10.1063/1.1373879

Cited by 16 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Compared to conventional techniques like welding and mechanical fastening, the adhesive bonding offers a number of advantages, such as uniform stress distribution, increased fatigue properties, a seal against liquids or gases, a reduction in structural weight, and connecting dissimilar materials [1]. However, there are several possible sources of weakness in adhesively bonded joints, such as gross flaws (cracks, voids, or porosities), poor cohesion, poor adhesion, and kissing bonds [2] [3] [4]. Therefore, non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are utilized to evaluate bonding integrity of the components unable to be destructively tested or in service.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It hides in localized spots surrounded by more-or-less well-bonded areas and is difficult to detect ultrasonically due to its low contrast in C-scans [5]. Additionally, kissing bonds cause a large reduction of bonding strength and an adhesive failure mode can be observed after it fractures [4] [6]. Thus, the occurrence of kissing bonds is in general not acceptable for aircraft structure because it may lead to fatal catastrophes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to better understand more of the interaction of ultrasonic waves, many studies have been focusing on the creation of artificial kissing bonds and the development of advanced ultrasonic techniques. Some references introduced a significantly thin layer of a contaminant into the interface between adherent and adhesive bonding joints [4] [5] [7] or plies of composite laminates [8] [9]. Oil, grease, and release film/agents have been used as such very often.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ultrasonic Testing Combined with Pattern Recognition for the Detection of Kissing Bonds

Schuster¹,

Muller²,

Chen³

et al. 2019

OJCM

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Kissing bonds are defects in the adhesive bonds with intimate contact of touching surface but considerably lowered shear strength. Their detection specifically in the aerospace area is so not satisfactory. Usually, kissing bonds are inconspicuous in ultrasonic C-scans. However, the determination of attributes in the time domain and the frequency domain of an ultrasound signal provides the opportunity to derive a pattern for bonded area. Deviations from the pattern found in inconspicuous bonding areas indicate kissing bonds. The survey described here deals with the manufacturing of adhesively joint samples that purposefully include kissing bonds, as well as potential solutions for detecting them through ultrasonic testing combined with pattern recognition. The properties of the epoxy-based adhesive were varied by changing the mixing ratios between resin and hardener. Samples with a mixing ratio far apart from the manufacturer's recommendation with an inconspicuous appearance in a C-scan, but low shear strength values were taken for further evaluation. After a definition and learning phase, a 100 percent hit rate to separate good bondings from kissing bonds could be derived in a blind test. The discriminating feature found is due to the frequency shift between good and kissing bonds as well as the relative amplitude of the second peak.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Ultrasonic Testing Combined with Pattern Recognition for the Detection of Kissing Bonds

Schuster¹,

Muller²,

Chen³

et al. 2019

OJCM

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show abstract

“…A liquid layer defect is achieved by the introduction of a thin layer of a contaminant such as grease at the adhesive/adherend interface. The thickness of the contaminant is much thinner than the thickness of the adhesive layer but has a detrimental effect on the strength of the joint as the level of adhesion is reduced by up to 80% of the original bond shear strength over the contaminated area [11].…”

Section: Adhesive Bondsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infrared Techniques for Practical Defect Identification in Bonded Joints in Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers

2017

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A robust and reliable method for the identification of defects in adhesively bonded joints used in the membrane containment system used to store liquefied natural gas during transport on board ships is required. The adhesively bonded interface of the membrane system may contain low volume defects known as kissing defects, which are extremely difficult to detect using portable inspection techniques. A novel methodology for detecting such defects is described in the paper. To demonstrate the approach simulated kissing defects were produced in a controlled fashion in a representative secondary membrane bond using silicon grease contamination. The defects were detected using an active thermographic approach known as pulsed phase thermography (PPT) which detects subsurface defects by monitoring the effect they have on the propagation of heat through a component. Due to the low volume of kissing defects, they generally have minimal effect on the heat propagation, so the detection was made possible by application of a small load generated by application of a vacuum. The vacuum can be set-up using a reusable chamber and a standard vacuum pump and therefore is portable and can be applied on-site and in a shipyard during construction.

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“…[6]. Most have categorised kissing defects into two types, dry contact and liquid layer [39]. In a dry contact recreation, adhesive is applied to one adherend and cured.…”

Section: Experimentally Simulated Kissing Defectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of Infrared Techniques for Practical Defect Identification in Bonded Joints

Waugh

2016

Springer Theses

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The effect of compressive loading on the ultrasonic detectability of kissing bonds in adhesive joints

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

Ultrasonic Testing Combined with Pattern Recognition for the Detection of Kissing Bonds

Ultrasonic Testing Combined with Pattern Recognition for the Detection of Kissing Bonds

Infrared Techniques for Practical Defect Identification in Bonded Joints in Liquefied Natural Gas Carriers

Development of Infrared Techniques for Practical Defect Identification in Bonded Joints

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