The Effect of Color on the Use of Electronic Body Protectors in Taekwondo Matches

Falcó, Coral; Conchado, Andrea; Estevan, Isaac

doi:10.1177/0031512516649958

Cited by 17 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Red is typically associated with high arousal states [51,52], anger [53] and danger [54]; red has also been associated with Tae Kwando match outcome [55]. Conversely, blue and green are perceived as calming [22], only slightly arousing [52], and in congruence with our findings have been shown to be perceived as more pleasant than red [52].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise

Best

Spears²,

Hurst

et al. 2018

Beverages

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Menthol mouth-swilling has been shown to improve performance across differing exercise modalities, yet no work has been conducted to ascertain the preferred concentration of menthol within a swill. Colour has also been shown to influence psychophysiological outcomes, and may influence the efficacy of ergogenic aids. We conducted two experiments: one to ascertain preferred menthol concentration (0.005-0.105% menthol), the second to assess colour preference (Light Blue, Dark Blue, Light Green, Dark Green, Red). Participants rated swills for Smell, Taste, Freshness, Mouth Feel and Irritation (plus Appearance in the second trial) via 15 cm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), having swilled and expectorated 25 mL of fluid. Both trials employed a crossover design, with tasting order assigned by Latin squares. Differences were assessed for statistical significance (p < 0.05) using one-way repeated measures ANOVAs. Standardised mean differences ±90% confidence intervals were calculated to assess the magnitude of any observed differences. No significant differences were found between concentrations for total VAS score, but higher concentrations demonstrated a greater number of small effects. Similarly, no significant differences between colours were found. Small effects were found when Light Green was compared to Dark Green and Red. Effects were trivial when Light Green was compared to Light Blue (0.05 ± 0.20) and Dark Blue (0.19 ± 0.32). We recommend athletes employ a Light Green or Light Blue 0.1% menthol mouth-swill.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise

Best

Spears²,

Hurst

et al. 2018

Beverages

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“…22 In taekwondo matches, players are more likely to win if wearing a red protector in the combat. 23 Thus, individuals may avoid opponents presented in red 24 or use red to promote their own aggression in F IGUR E 2 Intercontinental color differences in national flags. Red was the only color showed no significant difference in usage frequency between continents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red color in flags: A signal for competition

Zhang

Feng

Han

et al. 2017

Color Research & Application

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The color-in-context theory and ecological valence theory suggest that color preference depends on the context and ecological object that define the psychological meanings of colors. The present study was conducted to identify the preference for the color red in national flags across the world. We explored 192 national flags across the world and found that red was the most frequently used color. Through a systemic examination of symbolic meanings behind use of the color red in flags, it was also found that the color red was often attached with an aggressive connotation. In contrast, the flags of the selected international collaborative organizations did not appear to prefer red. These results support the hypothesis of "red flag preference" in realworld competitive contexts. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed. K E Y W O R D Scolor preference, competitive context, ecological object, red | I NT ROD UCTI ONHuman color preference has some consistency. Earlier research has calculated the average ranking of humans' favorite colors across cultures as follows: blue, red, green, violet, orange, and yellow. 1 This sequence depends on certain conditions, such as hue, saturation, lightness, contrasting color, and the object to which that the color attaches. [2][3][4][5] These studies have explored color preference and related factors, but have not provided any theoretical explanation for its basis.The ecological valence theory considers color preference as an adaptation. 6 Organisms approach preferred colors and avoid displeasing colors because these colors are attached to some typical ecological objects that are vital to the organism's reproductive success. For example, people might like the color blue because it is associated with clear skies and clean water and dislike brown because it is associated with feces and rotten food. Thus, the preference for blue will facilitate individuals to interact with blue ecological objects (e.g., clean water) and benefit from them.The color-in-context theory suggests that human reactions toward a given color depend on context, which determines the psychological meaning associated with the color. For instance, red is associated with aggression in competitive contexts (e.g., a sports contest) and associated with sex in affiliation contexts (e.g., dating). 7 Therefore, in competitive contexts, primates, 8,9 including human beings, 10 avoid red stimuli. However, in affiliative contexts, animals 11,12 and human beings 13,14 will approach red stimuli.The ecological valence theory and color-in-context theory are both evolutionarily informed theories, though they are characterized by different frameworks. The ecological valence theory emphasizes that typical associations between objects and colors determine color preference, whereas color-in-context theory additionally proposes that context moderates this effect as a result of contextual psychological meanings. Therefore, a discussion of color preference must consider both the ecological object and the context....

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“…R. Soc. B 372: 20160350 more rounds across all weight classes (though see [123,124]). Hill & Barton [122] found no significant effects of clothing colour in female combat sports (see also [125]), which may reflect inherent differences in intrasexual competition between the sexes [126].…”

Section: (Ii) Colour and Competitive Sporting Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Human colour in mate choice and competition

Rowland

Burriss

2017

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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The colour of our skin and clothing affects how others perceive us and how we behave. Human skin colour varies conspicuously with genetic ancestry, but even subtle changes in skin colour due to diet, blood oxygenation and hormone levels influence social perceptions. In this review, we describe the theoretical and empirical frameworks in which human colour is researched. We explore how subtle skin colour differences relate to judgements of health and attractiveness. Also, because humans are one of the few organisms able to manipulate their apparent colour, we review how cosmetics and clothing are implicated in courtship and competition, both inside the laboratory and in the real world. Research on human colour is in its infancy compared with human psychophysics and colour research in non-human animals, and hence we present best-practice guidelines for methods and reporting, which we hope will improve the validity and reproducibility of studies on human coloration.This article is part of the themed issue 'Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application'.

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The Effect of Color on the Use of Electronic Body Protectors in Taekwondo Matches

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise

The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise

Red color in flags: A signal for competition

Human colour in mate choice and competition

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