The Effect of Coastline Changes to Local Community’s Social-Economic

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The coastal area is absolutely essential for the purposes of resident, recreation, tourism, fisheries and agriculture as a source of socioeconomic development of local community. Some of the activities will affect the coastline changes. Coastline changes may occur due to two main factors include natural factors and also by the factor of human activities in coastal areas. Sea level rise, erosion and sedimentation are among the factors that can contribute to the changes in the coastline naturally, while the reclamation and development in coastal areas are factors of coastline changes due to human activities. Resident area and all activities in coastal areas will provide economic resources to the residents of coastal areas. However, coastline changes occur in the coastal areas will affect socio-economic for local community. A significant effect can be seen through destruction of infrastructure, loss of land, and destroy of crops. Batu Pahat is an area with significant changes of coastline. The changes of coastline from 1985 to 2013 can be determined by using topographical maps in 1985 and satellite images where the changes images are taken in 2011 and 2013 respectively. To identify the changes of risk areas, Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) is used to indicate vulnerability for coastal areas. This change indirectly affects the source of income in their agricultural cash crops such as oil palm and coconut. Their crops destroyed and reduced due to impact of changes in the coastline. Identification of risk coastal areas needs to be done in order for the society and local authorities to be prepared for coastline changes.

Climatic conditions and the resilience of buildings along Lagos coastline

“…Pussella et al (2015) agreed that approximately 41% of the world's inhabitants are concentrated in the coastal zone, which can be defined as the area within 100 km of the coastline. Hassan and Rahmat (2016) posit that coastal regions are characterized by multi-functional developments such as recreation, residential, tourism, industry, agriculture, aquaculture and others. Furthermore, the population migration motion is increasingly focussed on the coastal regions which affect economic development.…”

“…These buildings are however vulnerable to a high rate of defects as a result of the extreme conditions of the climate around the coastal region (Kumar et al, 2010), Mukhopadhyay et al (2012) identified several climatic conditions that pose a danger to the lives and assets within the coastal zone to include: floods, debris flows, mudflows, cyclones, storm surges, snow avalanches, sand or dust storms, surface collapse and liquefaction. Hassan and Rahmat (2016) also identified the climatic circumstances that buildings along the coastal regions are exposed to include: waves and currents, storms, landslides, sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion, floods and droughts and greater intensity of heatwaves. Michalou (2015) defined deterioration as a natural process that results in materials responding to altering circumstances and can alter change the physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics of the materials either slowly or rapidly.…”

Assessment of erosion and hazard in the coastal areas of Selangor

“…In Peninsular Malaysia, the intrusion of seawater has caused damage to large areas of agricultural land and properties; public facilities and coastal roads have been destroyed and caused transportation delay. The intrusion of seawater has also caused damage to beaches and this have had adverse impact on the tourism industry (Ehsan et al, 2019;Ghazali, 2006;Hassan & Rahmat, 2016;Mohd et al, 2019;Rameli & Jaafar, 2018;Razak et al, 2018;Selamat et al, 2017;Stanley & Lewis, 2009, 2009.…”

“…Information such as aerial photographs, topographic, bathymetric surveys, beach profiles, and historical maps can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively assessment the spatial and temporal changes in coastal areas (Mohd Azharn et al, 2018;Selamat et al, 2017). The latest GIS and remote sensing technologies are capable of extracting and detecting shoreline changes from satellite images (Asmawi & Ibrahim, 2013;Camara et al, 2019;Din Hashmi & Ahmad, 2018;Hassan & Rahmat, 2016;Mohammad et al, 2007;Mohd Azharn et al, 2018;Nassar et al, 2019;Pantanahiran, 2019;Selamat et al, 2017). According to Pantanahiran (2019), in order to calculate erosion and deposition in coastal areas, GIS requires inputs such as aerial photographs and satellite images.…”

“…The temperature and rainfall in Malaysia are anticipated to rise between +0.6 and 3.4 °C and −1 to 32% in 60 years, respectively, whereas the sea level is projected to rise approximately 13-94 cm in 100 years (Initial National Communication, 2000). These could have an adverse impact on water resources, coastal zones activities such as tourism and fisheries, flood supply, and public health, all of which may require national and international responses to deal with climate change (Hassan & Rahmat, 2016;Razak et al, 2018;Salleh & Nadzir, 2019). In addition, these problems aggravate the potential susceptibility, risk, and hazard to the development of the coastal township.…”