The effect of cigarette characteristics on the ignition of soft furnishings

Gann, Richard G.

doi:10.6028/nbs.tn.1241

Cited by 32 publications

(81 citation statements)

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“…Distances between smoldering and drying fronts are about 4 mm in all cases, which is approximately a half of the experimental lengths. It should be noted that some previous models of cigarette smoldering have not found steady state values or have assumed known values of burn rates in order to determine temperature distributions [5,6,7,8]. For a better description of temperature profiles a distributed reaction zone should be considered.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural Smoldering of Cigarettes

Costa

2003

Heat Transfer: Volume 2

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The smoldering of cigarettes without drawing is described by a simple analytical model. A burning cigarette is assumed to be divided in 4 zones: unburned tobacco, dry tobacco, char and ash, separated by infinitesimally thin fronts of drying, pyrolysis and char oxidation. Circumferential heat losses and the convective-diffusive processes in the boundary layer are considered. A set of non-linear algebraic equations is solved to determine smoldering rates, drying lengths and pyrolysis lengths and to obtain the profiles of temperature. The influence coefficients of several parameters on smolder characteristics are calculated. Theoretical burn rates have shown a good agreement to experiments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gann et al [7] developed a two dimensional computer model (CIGARET 25) to predict the temperature and density profiles inside a cigarette. Their research project comprised several studies related to cigarette smoldering, ranging from computational, fundamental to empirical.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Smoldering of Cigarettes

Costa

2003

Heat Transfer: Volume 2

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“…Rice et al [5] found the permeability of the paper is also proportional to the mass burn rate of smoldering cigarettes. As part of the research mandated by the Cigarette Safety Act, Gann et al [1] concluded low tobacco density, reduced circumference of the cigarette, and/or low paper permeability are parameters that reduced the IP of cigarettes. Of these parameters, the most commonly used commercially is low paper permeability in the form of evenly spaced regions or bands on conventional cigarette paper [6].…”

Section: Cigarette Ignition Propensity Researchmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The CET is conducted by allowing a lit cigarette, oriented horizontally, to free smolder in non-contact inside a test chamber. 1 The test chamber is an enclosure designed to eliminate drafts while allowing the convective flow of air to the cigarette via a chimney. When the char line, i.e., coal front, propagates 15mm down the tobacco rod, the cigarette is then gently placed horizontally on 10 layers of Whatman #2 chemical filter paper.…”

Section: Cigarette Extinction Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As part of the research mandated by the Cigarette Safety Act, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) investigated the cigarette design parameters that could be used to manufacture cigarettes with potentially reduced ignition propensity (IP) on upholstered furniture [1]. As part of the research mandated by the Fire Safe Cigarette Act, NIST developed two tests intended to measure the IP of cigarettes [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Semi-Empirical Model using Radiant Coal Power to Predict Cigarette Ignition Strength as Measured by Extinction Test

Sherwood¹,

Issac

Murthi

et al. 2006

Fire Technol

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A semi-empirical model was developed to use the radiant coal power of cigarettes in non-contact free smolder to predict the percentage of cigarettes smoldering on 10 layers of filter paper from a sample set that would burn the entire length of the tobacco rod. To develop the model the radiant coal power for cigarettes in non-contact free smolder was measured using infrared imaging and the percentage of the same type of cigarettes smoldering on 10 layers of standard chemical filter paper that burned the entire length of the tobacco rod was measured. From the experimental data, a characteristic coal power and an effective extinguishment threshold were established for the cigarettes. The effective extinguishment threshold was plotted as a function of the characteristic coal power for different cigarette designs, and the optimized Boltzmann model of the data allows the percentage of cigarettes smoldering on 10 layers of filter paper that would burn the entire length of the tobacco rod to be predicted by measuring the radiant coal power for the cigarettes in non-contact free smolder. The model was also used to predict the percentage of cigarettes smoldering on 7 layers of filter paper that would burn the entire length of the tobacco rod. The percentages predicted shows good agreement with the percentages measured for both 7 and 10 layers of filter paper.

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Fabrics for testing the ignition propensity of cigarettes

1997

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This paper reports an analysis of data from a study conducted by the cigarette industry to determine whether the fabrics used in a measurement method for cigarette ignition propensity reasonably represent the ignition behaviour of actual upholstery fabrics. A ‘consistency score’ is defined to evaluate objectively the relative agreement of ignition test results on various test fabrics compared with the cotton duck fabrics used in the measurement method. Particular attention is paid to those cases where the cigarettes show statistically significant differences by the chi‐squared test. This analysis finds that the aggregated set of 79 industry fabrics ranks the four test cigarettes in the same order as do the three cotton duck fabrics in the measurement method. Thus, to the extent that the industry set is representative of those fabrics used in upholstery, it would be proper to use the three test fabrics as surrogates for the purpose of determining the relative ignition propensity of a cigarette. The analysis does identify six to ten fabrics that would be expected to show persistent reversals compared to the aggregate ordering; however, three‐fourths of the fabrics rank the cigarettes consistently with the cotton duck fabrics. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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The effect of cigarette characteristics on the ignition of soft furnishings

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

Natural Smoldering of Cigarettes

Natural Smoldering of Cigarettes

Semi-Empirical Model using Radiant Coal Power to Predict Cigarette Ignition Strength as Measured by Extinction Test

Fabrics for testing the ignition propensity of cigarettes

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