The Effect of Chlorine in Water on Enteric Viruses. II. The Effect of Combined Chlorine on Poliomyelitis and Coxsackie Viruses

Kelly, Sally; Sanderson, Wallace W.

doi:10.2105/ajph.50.1.14

Cited by 36 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 7 publications

(1 reference statement)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Using 10 mg of monochloramine/liter at pH 8, Sobsey et al reported a 4-log 10 inactivation by 104 min, which, if translated into a CT value (1,040) is similar to the 4-log 10 CT value reported here (1,100) (32). In addition, the inactivation kinetics and pH trend (monochloramine less effective at pH 8) reported by Kelly et al for CVB5 are similar to the results of the present study (21).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…In addition, relatively few studies have investigated the efficacy of monochloramine as systematically as free chlorine; frequently only one concentration, pH, or temperature has been investigated. Two notable exceptions were investigations that examined monochloramine disinfection of human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2) and coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) at multiple pH levels (21,31).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CCL2 is comprised of unregulated microbial and chemical contaminants of potential public health concern that are known or anticipated to occur in drinking water systems and includes: echovirus, coxsackievirus, adenovirus, and calicivirus (36). A number of researchers have reported the disinfection efficacy of free chlorine for representatives of the CCL2 viruses (4,5,7,11,13,18,20,22,27,33,34,35), but fewer studies have investigated the disinfection efficacy of monochloramine on these viruses (4,5,21,31). In addition, comparison between existing studies of chlorine or monochloramine disinfection is difficult because of differences in the viruses examined, experimental parameters investigated, and analytical methods used.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Inactivation of Adenoviruses, Enteroviruses, and Murine Norovirus in Water by Free Chlorine and Monochloramine

Cromeans

Kahler

Hill

2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

136

123

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Inactivation of infectious viruses during drinking water treatment is usually achieved with free chlorine. Many drinking water utilities in the United States now use monochloramine as a secondary disinfectant to minimize disinfectant by-product formation and biofilm growth. The inactivation of human adenoviruses 2, 40, and 41 (HAdV2, HAdV40, and HAdV41), coxsackieviruses B3 and B5 (CVB3 and CVB5), echoviruses 1 and 11 (E1 and E11), and murine norovirus (MNV) are compared in this study. Experiments were performed with 0.2 mg of free chlorine or 1 mg of monochloramine/liter at pH 7 and 8 in buffered reagent-grade water at 5°C. CT values (disinfectant concentration ؋ time) for 2-to 4-log 10 (99 to 99.99%) reductions in virus titers were calculated by using the efficiency factor Hom model. The enteroviruses required the longest times for chlorine inactivation and MNV the least time. CVB5 required the longest exposure time, with CT values of 7.4 and 10 mg ⅐ min/liter (pH 7 and 8) for 4-log 10 inactivation. Monochloramine disinfection was most effective for E1 (CT values ranged from 8 to 18 mg ⅐ min/liter for 2-and 3-log 10 reductions, respectively). E11 and HAdV2 were the least susceptible to monochloramine disinfection (CT values of 1,300 and 1,600 mg-min/liter for 3-log 10 reductions, respectively). Monochloramine inactivation was most successful for the adenoviruses, CVB5, and E1 at pH 7. A greater variation in inactivation rates between viruses was observed during monochloramine disinfection than during chlorine disinfection. These data will be useful in drinking water risk assessment studies and disinfection system planning.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Inactivation of Adenoviruses, Enteroviruses, and Murine Norovirus in Water by Free Chlorine and Monochloramine

Cromeans

Kahler

Hill

2010

Appl Environ Microbiol

136

123

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Between oxidation reduction potential and pit a theoretical relation exists. This relationship may account for variations in inactivation velocity found as a consequence of variations in pit (3,4). In the present report the rates of oxidative inactivation ~t different values of pH are compared for different compounds.…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

Effect of pH on the oxidative inactivation of poliovirus

Lund

1963

Archiv f Virusforschung

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

From the results of previous experiments (1, 2) it was concluded that the inactivating effect of certain oxidants, was dependent not on the specific compound but on the oxidation potential obtained. Between oxidation reduction potential and pit a theoretical relation exists. This relationship may account for variations in inactivation velocity found as a consequence of variations in pit (3,4). In the present report the rates of oxidative inactivation ~t different values of pH are compared for different compounds. Materials and Methods Virus titrationsPoliovirus of the Saukett strain was used. The crude virus suspension was used after careful dialysis. The titrations were carried out on cultures of trypsinized monkey kidney ceils as previously described (I, 2). Bu]Jer solutionsThe virus suspensions were diluted 1:100 in different buffer solutions. The buffers of pH 5.0 or pK 5.2 were made from 0.15 ~ secondary sodium phosphate and 0.05 3s citric ~eid. Phosphate buffer with 0.15 5[ primary and secondary sodium phosphate was used at pH 7.0 and pH 8.4. For pH 10.0 a 0.1 M earbonate/hydrocarbonate buffer was used. Redox potentialsThe oxidation potentials were measured between a platinum electrode and a calomel electrode with saturated potassium chloride, using a conventional potentiometer with an accuracy in reading of ~10 mV. Results were not corrected by addition of the potential of calomel against hydrogen but are given as millivolts read, using the calomel as reference. In connection with * Supported by grants from the Swedish Association against Polio.

show abstract

“…Among these they found concentration of residual free chlorine, virus strain, temperature and pit level. In later studies by Kelly and Sanderson (17) the inactivation by constant concentration of combined residual chlorine is investigated for non-purified virus material. The results seem in good agreement with the ones of the present work.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inactivation of poliomyelitis virus by chlorination at different oxidation potentials

Lund

1961

Archiv f Virusforschung

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Effect of Chlorine in Water on Enteric Viruses. II. The Effect of Combined Chlorine on Poliomyelitis and Coxsackie Viruses

Abstract: In this study of the effect of chlorine on enteric viruses, polioviruses and Coxsackie virus in water were inactivated by combined residual chlorine.The conditions under which this happens are discussed. Differences in resistance to chlorine were found among virus strains.

Cited by 36 publications

References 7 publications

Inactivation of Adenoviruses, Enteroviruses, and Murine Norovirus in Water by Free Chlorine and Monochloramine

Inactivation of Adenoviruses, Enteroviruses, and Murine Norovirus in Water by Free Chlorine and Monochloramine

Effect of pH on the oxidative inactivation of poliovirus

Inactivation of poliomyelitis virus by chlorination at different oxidation potentials

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About