The effect of chewing xylitol gum on the plaque and saliva levels of Streptococcus mutans

Loesche, Walter J.; Grossman, Natalie S.; Earnest, Ronald; Corpron, Richard E.

doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1984.0390

Cited by 104 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…The other is that the growth of P. gingivalis is inhibited when it is cultured with xylitol. The inhibitory effect of xylitol on the growth of mutans streptococci has been widely known (21,39,46). The mechanism of xylitol on impaired growth of mutans streptococci is suggested to be an intracellular accumulation of xylitol 5-phosphate, and this xylitol 5-phosphate inhibits the activity of bacterial glycolytic enzymes (43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylitol Inhibits Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Induced by Lipopolysaccharide fromPorphyromonas gingivalis

Han

Jeong

Nam

et al. 2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the suspected periodontopathic bacteria. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of P. gingivalis is a key factor in the development of periodontitis. Inflammatory cytokines play important roles in the gingival tissue destruction that is a characteristic of periodontitis. Macrophages are prominent at chronic inflammatory sites and are considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Xylitol stands out and is widely believed to possess anticaries properties. However, to date, little is known about the effect of xylitol on periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to determine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣) and interleukin-1␤ (IL-1␤) expression when RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with P. gingivalis LPS (hereafter, LPS refers to P. gingivalis LPS unless stated otherwise) and the effect of xylitol on the LPS-induced TNF-␣ and IL-1␤ expression. The kinetics of TNF-␣ and IL-1␤ levels in culture supernatant after LPS treatment showed peak values at 1 h (TNF-␣) and 2 to 4 h (IL-1␤), respectively. NF-B, a transcription factor, was also activated by LPS treatment. These cytokine expressions and NF-B activation were suppressed by pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (an inhibitor of NF-B). Pretreatment with xylitol inhibited LPS-induced TNF-␣ and IL-1␤ gene expression and protein synthesis. LPS-induced mobilization of NF-B was also inhibited by pretreatment with xylitol in a dose-dependent manner. Xylitol also showed inhibitory effect on the growth of P. gingivalis. Taken together, these findings suggest that xylitol may have good clinical effect not only for caries but also for periodontitis by its inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine expression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Xylitol Inhibits Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Induced by Lipopolysaccharide fromPorphyromonas gingivalis

Han

Jeong

Nam

et al. 2005

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…In short-term habitual consumption, xylitol reduces the levels of MS assessed from both plaque and stimulated whole saliva [Loesche et al, 1984;Söderling et al, 1989]. Habitual long-term xylitol consumption appears to select for natural mutant cells of MS which are 'xylitol-resistant' [Trahan and Mouton, 1987].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Maternal Xylitol Consumption on Mother–Child Transmission of Mutans Streptococci: 6–Year Follow–Up

Söderling¹,

Isokangas²,

Pienihäkkinen³

et al. 2001

Caries Res

112

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Xylitol is effective as a noncariogenic or even cariostatic sugar substitute. Habitual xylitol consumption appears to select for mutans streptococci (MS) which shed easily into saliva from plaque. We have earlier shown that habitual xylitol consumption of mothers was associated with a statistically significant reduction in the probability of mother–child transmission of MS assessed at 2 years of age. The aim of the present study was to assess the children’s MS counts 1 and 4 years after the maternal xylitol consumption had been discontinued. At baseline, during pregnancy, all mothers (n = 195) showed high salivary levels of MS. The mothers were randomly assigned to xylitol, fluoride (F) and chlorhexidine (CHX) groups. In the xylitol group, the mothers chewed xylitol–sweetened gum, for 21 months, starting 3 months after delivery. In the two control groups, the mothers received CHX or F varnish treatments at 6, 12 and 18 months after delivery. At the 2–year examination, 169 mother–child pairs participated. At the 3–year and 6–year examinations, there were 159 and 147 children in the study, respectively. For children’s MS analyses, visible plaque was collected using toothpicks at the age of 3 and paraffin–stimulated saliva at the age of 6. The persons involved in the collection and analysis of the microbiological samples were blinded as to the study design and group. Both the plaque and salivary MS were cultured on Mitis salivarius agars containing bacitracin. In all groups, the colonization percentages increased during the follow–up. At the 3–year examination, the children’s risk of having MS colonization was 2.3–fold in the F group (95% CI 1.3–4.2) compared to the xylitol group. This difference was statistically significant. Even at 6 years of age, the salivary MS levels were significantly lower in the xylitol group than in the other groups (ANOVA, p<0.001). In conclusion, the earlier demonstrated, xylitol–associated reduction in the probability of mother–child transmission of MS was still found in the children’s MS counts at the age of 3 and 6 years.

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“…El vehículo más utilizado en varias investigaciones fue la goma de mascar 32,33,34 Loesche y col 16 ,encontraron que después del consumo de 5 mg de goma de mascar con xilitol por 4 semanas en niños con un promedio de edad de 8 años, los niveles de S. mutans en saliva y placa fueron reducidos en un 29.4% en comparación con los niveles basales y con el consumo de otros polioles. Además, la cantidad de placa también disminuyó y tuvo una mejor habilidad para resistir caídas en el pH inducidas por enjuagatorios con sacarosa.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

EFECTO DE LA PASTA DENTAL CON XYLITOL EN EL RECUENTO DE Streptcococcos mutans EN NIÑOS DE 7 A 9 AÑOS. ESTUDIO PILOTO

Cáceres

Cevallos

Padilla

2013

Rev. Investig. Altoandin. - RIA -

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<h4 class="text-primary">Resumen</h4>El objetivo fue determinar el efecto del xylitol sobre la cantidad de unidades formadoras de colonias de Streptococcus mutans en saliva utilizando como vehículo pasta dental. Se tomó una muestra conformada por 16 niñas de 7 a 9 años de edad del Centro de Atención Residencial virgen de Fátima de Puno, que no habían tomado antibióticos durante el mes precedente, con 5 caries activas como mínimo. La muestra fue dividida en dos grupos experimental de 12 niñas y grupo control de 4 niñas. Al grupo experimental se aplicó una pasta dental conteniendo xylitol al 36% y flúor, y al grupo control una pasta dental conteniendo solamente flúor. Los niveles de Streptococcus mutans en saliva se evaluaron utilizando el sistema comercial “Dentocult” que es un caldo de cultivo selectivo que permite el crecimiento de Streptococcus mutans adheridas a la superficie de una tira salival plástica. La evaluación se realizó antes del inicio del experimento y a 1, 3 y 5 semanas después del uso de las pastas dentales. Los resultados demostraron que luego de la aplicación de la pasta dental con xilytol y flúor durante 5 semanas, se observó una disminución desde un nivel 2 de Streptococcus mutans en saliva hasta un nivel 0 a diferencia del grupo control. La prueba de hipótesis aplicando la t-estudent, con nivel de confianza al 95% aceptó la hipótesis alterna, el promedio de unidades formadoras de colonias de Streptoccoccus mutans del grupo experimental es menor que el del grupo control, habiendo diferencia estadísticamente significativa.Palabras clave: Pastas dental, Xylitol, Streptococos mutans

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The effect of chewing xylitol gum on the plaque and saliva levels of Streptococcus mutans

Cited by 104 publications

References 25 publications

Xylitol Inhibits Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Induced by Lipopolysaccharide fromPorphyromonas gingivalis

Xylitol Inhibits Inflammatory Cytokine Expression Induced by Lipopolysaccharide fromPorphyromonas gingivalis

Influence of Maternal Xylitol Consumption on Mother–Child Transmission of Mutans Streptococci: 6–Year Follow–Up

EFECTO DE LA PASTA DENTAL CON XYLITOL EN EL RECUENTO DE Streptcococcos mutans EN NIÑOS DE 7 A 9 AÑOS. ESTUDIO PILOTO

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