The Effect of Certain Anions Upon the Accumulation and Retention of Iodide by the Thyroid Gland*

Wyngaarden, James Β.; Wright, Bob; Ways, Peter

doi:10.1210/endo-50-5-537

Cited by 170 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…Effect of perchlorate ingestion. TSH, FT 4 , TT 4 , and TT 3 levels throughout the study were in the normal range for all subjects except one woman in the 0.007-mg/kg-day dose group (uptake study) who had abnormally high TSH (18 and 15 mIU/L) on both occasions at which the hormone was measured (screening visit and E14, respectively). Table 4 presents summary statistics for serum hormones measured at all blood draw events in the main study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

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Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: the dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans.

Greer

Pleus²,

Greer³

2002

Environ Health Perspect

412

575

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Application of a sensitive new detection method has revealed widespread perchlorate contamination of groundwater in the southwestern United States, typically at 0.005-0.020 mg/L (5-20 ppb). Perchlorate is a competitive inhibitor of the process by which iodide is actively transported from the bloodstream into the thyroid. This inhibitory action of perchlorate is the basis of its pharmaceutical use (in the treatment of hyperthyroidism) as well as its potential toxicity. To establish the dose response in humans for perchlorate inhibition of thyroidal iodide uptake and any short-term effects on thyroid hormones, we gave perchlorate in drinking water at 0.007, 0.02, 0.1, or 0.5 mg/kg-day to 37 male and female volunteers for 14 days. In 24 subjects we performed 8- and 24-hr measurements of thyroidal (123)I uptake (RAIU) before exposure, on exposure days 2 (E2) and 14 (E14), and 15 days postexposure (P15). In another 13 subjects we omitted both E2 studies and the 8-hr P15 study. We observed a strong correlation between the 8- and 24-hr RAIU over all dose groups and measurement days. We found no difference between E2 and E14 in the inhibition of RAIU produced by a given perchlorate dose. We also found no sex difference. On both E2 and E14, the dose response was a negative linear function of the logarithm of dose. Based on the dose response for inhibition of the 8- and 24-hr RAIU on E14 in all subjects, we derived estimates of the true no-effect level: 5.2 and 6.4 micro g/kg-day, respectively. Given default body weight and exposure assumptions, these doses would be ingested by an adult if the drinking-water supply contained perchlorate at concentrations of approximately 180 and 220 micro g/L (ppb), respectively. On P15, RAIU was not significantly different from baseline. In 24 subjects we measured serum levels of thyroxine (total and free), triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin in blood sampled 16 times throughout the study. Only the 0.5 mg/kg-day dose group showed any effect on serum hormones: a slight downward trend in thyrotropin levels in morning blood draws during perchlorate exposure, with recovery by P15.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Perchlorate is a competitive inhibitor of the process by which iodide, circulating in the blood, is actively transported into thyroid follicular cells (4,5). The site of this inhibition is the sodium-iodide symporter, a membrane protein located on the basolateral side of the follicular cell, adjacent to the capillaries supplying blood to the thyroid (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: the dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans.

Greer

Pleus²,

Greer³

2002

Environ Health Perspect

412

575

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“…It is established that transport of iodide into the thyroid or into milk of mammals is mediated by a membrane protein, the sodium-iodide symporter (NIS) (47). It has long been known that certain other ions, especially those that are large and polarizable like thiocyanate (significant amounts result from tobacco smoking and the consumption of certain vegetables) and perchlorate, act as competitive inhibitors to iodide (48); these are often termed goitrogens. Perchlorate is particularly potent; it displays 30 times the affinity for the human NIS than does iodide (49).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States

Dasgupta,

Liu,

Dyke

2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

111

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Adequacy of iodine nutrition in the United States has lately been of concern. A major source of dietary iodine for the U.S. population is iodized salt. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) recommends 60-100 mg KI/kg salt, equivalent to 46-76 mg I/kg salt. All U.S. iodized salt contains 45 mg I/kg according to labels. We collected samples of table salt from freshly opened containers from U.S. volunteers. A sample was sent to us when the can was first purchased. Subsets of volunteers sent further samples when the salt container became halfempty through normal use and a further final sample when the container was nearly finished. We also looked at iodine distribution homogeneity within individual containers, loss of iodine from salt upon exposure to humidity and sunlight, and upon short-term heating (dry and in solution) as may be encountered in cooking. Measurements were made in 0.01% w/v salt solutions by induction coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with 72 Ge as an internal standard. The median and mean ((sd) I content in freshly opened top-of-the-can salt samples was 44.1 and 47.5 ( 18.5 mg/kg (n ) 88, range 12.7-129 mg I/kg) and geometric mean and standard deviation of 44.70 and 1.41. Fortyseven of 88 samples fell below the USFDA recommended I content while 6 exceeded it. The homogeneity in a single can of salt varied greatly: in 5 samples taken from the same container from different depths, the iodine content varied by as little as 1.2× (8.3% coefficient of variance (CV)) to as much as 3.3× (49.3% CV) from one container/brand to another. Iodine is significantly lost upon high humidity storage but light or dry heat has little effect. There is much recent literature on iodine sufficiency and uptake inhibitors; there is also much misinformation and disinformation. We review the relevant literature and discuss our results with reference to the United States.

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“…Fluoroborate also belongs in this group (Yamada and Jones 1968). A dose response study reported by Wyngaarden et al (1952) showed that perchlorate is ten times and nitrate 1/30th as active as thiocyanate in inhibiting radioiodine uptake.…”

Section: Antithyroid Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, however, as nitrate is a much less potent goitrogen than thiocyanate (Wyngaarden et al 1952), its action is much less predictable and can be prevented by relatively low iodine intakes. Lee et al (1970) reported that in rats 0.4% djetaryKN0 3 induced a thyroid weight of 27.7 g and thyroid epithelial cell height of 8.67 µwith a dietary iodine intake of 0.08 ppm, but the thyroid weight was only 19.8 g and cell height 3.67 µ when the dietaryiodine was raised to 0.68 ppm.…”

Section: DC (Chou Mollier)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Congenital goitre in sheep in southern Tasmania

Statham¹,

Bray²

1975

Aust. J. Agric. Res.

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Congenital goitre was first recorded in Tasmanian sheep In 1945. Severe but sporadic outbreaks have since occurred in 1956, 1964 and 1968. The disease seemed to be associated with particular farms and its incidence often differed markedly between ewe flocks on the one farm. A survey indicated that the condition was mainly confined to the Derwent Valley and the northern Midlands. Studies involved a grazing trial near Bothwell, where goitre was endemic, and included supporting animal house tnals and plant growth studies. Soil type was shown to be a major factor in the disease: ewes grazing pasture on a sandy soil produced many more goitrous lambs than ewes grazing pasture on clay soil. Analyses of the two pastures revealed that those on sandy so11 contained less iodine than those on clay soil but neither contained the minimum level necessary to prevent goitre. Observations revealed that outbreaks of the disease followed wet autumns with subsequent lush pasture during pregnancy. This correlation could be explained if pasture grown under moist conditions contained less iodine than pasture grown under moisture stress. However, experiments with the two main pasture species (perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover) showed that plant iodine levels were not affected by the water supply. Two goitrogenic agents, nitrate and thiocyanate, were present in the pastures, but they were not considered to be Important in the aetiology of the disease. Similarly, the drinking water was found to be unimportant, even though the two sources available contained widely different amounts of iodine. Apparently, between-year variation in the incidence of goitre and the effect of soil type can best be explained by a varying iodine intake dependent on soil ingestion which varies with pasture availability. This hypothesis is discussed in the light of the results.

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The Effect of Certain Anions Upon the Accumulation and Retention of Iodide by the Thyroid Gland*

Cited by 170 publications

References 1 publication

Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: the dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans.

Health effects assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination: the dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans.

Iodine Nutrition: Iodine Content of Iodized Salt in the United States

Congenital goitre in sheep in southern Tasmania

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