The effect of cereal type and exogenous enzyme supplementation in pig diets on nutrient digestibility, intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid concentration and manure ammonia emissions from finisher pigs

The exogenous enzymes are less consistent in their effects as their beneficial effects depend upon the types and level non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) present in the diets. Therefore, exogenous enzymes should be selected on the basis of types and amount of the NSP in the pig diets. The objectives of the present experiments were to investigate the effects of dietary level of mannan and β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients, and blood metabolites of growing pigs. In Exp. 1, 96 barrows were randomly allotted to four treatments on the basis of BW. There were four replicates in each treatment with six pigs per replicate. The dietary treatments were a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based control diet and three other diets consisted of the control diet supplemented with 400, 800 or 1600 U of β-mannanase/kg diet. The final BW, average daily gain (ADG) and blood glucose increased (linear, P < 0.05) with increasing concentrations of dietary β-mannanase. The ATTD of dry matter (DM), gross energy (GE) and β-mannan was higher (linear, P < 0.05) with increase in dietary β-mannanase concentrations. In Exp. 2, 288 barrows were allotted to six treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of mannan level (high v. low) and addition of β-mannanase (0, 400 or 800 U/kg diet). There were four replicates in each treatment with 12 pigs/replicate. Pigs were fed corn-SBM-based low-mannan diet (6.1 g/kg) or high-mannan (25.2 g/kg) diet in which corn and SBM were partially replaced with 50 g/kg diet palm kernel meal. All diets were fed in meal form for 42 days. Pigs fed diets supplemented with β-mannanase had greater ( P < 0.05) final BW, ADG, feed to gain (F : G), the ATTD of DM, GE, and β-mannan and blood glucose concentration compared with pigs fed diets without β-mannanase. In addition, the final BW, ADG, F : G and the ATTD of GE and β-mannan were reduced ( P < 0.05) in low mannan level. The dietary level of mannan and the β-mannanase supplementation had no effects ( P > 0.05) on the concentrations of blood total cholesterol, triacylglycerides and blood urea nitrogen. These results indicate that supplementation of β-mannanase to low-or high-mannan diets have potential to improve the performance of growing pigs. In addition, palm kernel meal may partially replace corn and SBM without reducing pig performance if β-mannanase is added to diet.Keywords: blood metabolites, growing pigs, performance, mannan, β-mannanase ImplicationsThe β-mannan accounts for 15% to 35 % (soy-based to palm-based) of total non-starch polysaccharides content of the pig diets, β-galactomannan, is a polysaccharide with repeating units of mannose, with galactose or glucose, or both, often found attached to the β-mannan. Pig digestive tract lacks the enzymes targeting β-1, 4-mannosyl bond and α-1, 6-galactosyl bonds, which limits the nutrient utilization and growth performance. These results indicate that β-mannanase have potential to improve the performance of growing pigs, and palm kernel meal m...

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of mannan level and β-mannanase supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility and blood metabolites of growing pigs

Kim

Ingale

Hosseindoust

et al. 2017

“…Manure pH is determined by the level of urea hydrolysis, total ammoniacal nitrogen, the dietary electrolyte balance (dEB) and by the VFA concentration of the excreta (Canh et al, 1998b). Only a minor reduction in pH is required to reduce ammonia emissions (O'Connell et al, 2005). At a low pH, ammonia remains stable in the slurry as ammonium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Firstly, there are a number of factors that drive the volatilisation of NH 3 such as the equilibrium of ammonia with ammonium, pH, temperature and ammonia concentration (McCrory and Hobbs, 2001). The pH of slurry is of huge relevance to ammonia emissions from pig manure (Sommer and Husted, 1995;O'Connell et al, 2005), with just a minor change having a substantial effect (Canh et al, 1998a). Secondly, there may not have been enough inulin present to bring about a reduction in manure pH and manure ammonia emissions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The effect of high and low dietary crude protein and inulin supplementation on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen excretion, intestinal microflora and manure ammonia emissions from finisher pigs

Lynch

Sweeney

Callan

et al. 2007

Self Cite

A 2 3 2 factorial experiment was performed to investigate the interaction between a high-and low-crude-protein (CP) diet (200 v. 140 g/kg) and inulin supplementation (0 v. 12.5 g/kg) on nutrient digestibility, nitrogen (N) excretion, intestinal microflora, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and manure ammonia emissions from 24 boars (n 5 6, 74.0 kg live weight). The diets were formulated to contain similar concentrations of digestible energy and lysine. Pigs offered the high-CP diets had a higher excretion of urinary N (P , 0.001), faecal N (P , 0.01) and total N (P , 0.001) than the pigs offered the low-CP diets. Inulin supplementation increased faecal N excretion (P , 0.05) and decreased the urine N : faeces N ratio (P , 0.05) compared with the inulin-free diets. There was no effect (P . 0.05) of dietary treatment on N retention. There was an interaction (P , 0.05) between dietary CP concentration and inulin supplementation on caecal Enterobacteria spp. Pigs offered the diet containing 200 g/kg of CP plus inulin decreased the population of Enterobacteria spp. compared to those with the inulinsupplemented 140 g/kg CP diet. However, CP level had no significant effect on the population of Enterobacteria spp. in the unsupplemented diets. Inulin supplementation increased caecal Bifidobacteria (P , 0.01) compared with the inulin-free diets. There was no effect of inulin supplementation on VFA concentration or intestinal pH (P . 0.05). Pigs offered the 200 g/kg CP diets had higher (P , 0.05) manure ammonia emissions from 0 to 240 h of storage than pigs offered the 140 g/kg CP. In conclusion, inulin supplementation resulted in an increase in Bifidobacteria concentration and a reduction in Enterobacteria spp. at the high CP level indicating that inulin has the ability to beneficially manipulate gut microflora in a proteolytic environment.

“…Elevated levels of these polysaccharides, in particular the soluble fraction, can cause an increase in digesta viscosity, preventing interaction between nutrients and digestive enzymes (Campbell and Bedford, 1992) and reducing nutrient digestibility (O'Connell et al, 2005). The addition of enzyme preparations can effectively degrade viscous non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) of the diet leading to a reduction in the viscosity of the diet and in enhanced nutrient utilisation (Dierick and Decuypere, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of cereal type and enzyme addition on pig performance, intestinal microflora, and ammonia and odour emissions

Garry

Fogarty

Curran

et al. 2007

Two 2 £ 2 factorial experiments were conducted to investigate the interaction between cereal type (wheat v. barley) and exogenous enzyme supplementation (with or without) on odour and ammonia emissions (experiment 1) and growth performance (experiment 2) in grower-finisher pigs. The enzyme supplement used contained endo-1, 3 (4) -b-glucanase (EC 3.2.1.6) and endo-1, 4 -b-xylanase (E.C 3.2.1.8). The diets were formulated to contain similar levels of net energy (9.8 MJ/kg) and lysine (10.0 g/kg). The experimental treatments were as follows: (1) wheat-based diet, (2) wheat-based diet containing a b-glucanase and b-xylanase mixed enzyme supplement, (3) barley-based diet and (4) barley-based diet containing a b-glucanase and bxylanase mixed enzyme supplement. In experiment 1, the diets were offered to the pigs for 23 days in sealed pens (eight pigs per pen) and this was repeated four times (n ¼ 4). Odour and ammonia emissions were measured on days 9, 11, 14, 16, 21 and 23 of each replicate period. Odour samples were collected in 20-l Nalophan bags and analysed for odour concentration using an ECOMA Yes/No Olfactometer. Ammonia concentrations in the ventilation air were measured using Drä ger tubes. In experiment 2, 220 pigs were group fed in mixed sex pens using single-space feeders (11 pigs per feeder, six boars and five gilts) (n ¼ 5). There was a cereal £ enzyme interaction in odour emission rates, ammonia emissions and selected microbial populations in the caecum and colon (P , 0.05). The addition of an enzyme supplement to the barley-based diet increased both odour and ammonia emission, however the addition of an enzyme to the wheat-based diet decreased ammonia emission rates and had no effect on odour emission. Pigs offered the unsupplemented barley-based diet had a significantly (P , 0.05) lower population of Enterobacteriaceae spp. and a higher population of Bifidobacteria spp. compared with enzyme-supplemented barley diets. However, there was no effect of enzyme supplementation in wheat-based diets. In the performance experiment, neither cereal type nor enzyme inclusion had an effect on pig performance or carcass characteristics. In conclusion, the inclusion of an enzyme mix to barley-based diets increased odour and ammonia emissions, while the addition of an enzyme mix to wheat-based diets decreased ammonia emissions.