“…This line of work suggests that diverse CSR actions are a function of macroand organizational-level factors, including stakeholder or institutional pressures, legal mandates, and economic benefits, among others (Becchetti et al, 2020;Hu et al, 2018;Lin et al, 2013;Mohammad & Husted, 2019;Planer-Friedrich & Sahm, 2020;Tang et al, 2018b). While Literature on the upper echelons theory also reveals that firms' CSR is significantly influenced by CEOs' demographic (Lewis et al, 2014) and psychological characteristics (Al-Shammari et al, 2019;Borghesi et al, 2014;McCarthy et al, 2017;Tang et al, 2018a), turnover (Bernard et al, 2018;Oh et al, 2018), power (Muttakin et al, 2018;Walls & Berrone, 2017), ability (Yuan et al, 2019), and education (Rego et al, 2017). These findings notwithstanding, the impact of the CEO's early-life poverty experience on CSR remains understudied compared to other organizational or personal factors.…”