The effect of carbon black on thermal antioxidants for polyethylene

Hawkins, W. Lincoln; Hansen, R. H.; Matreyek, W.; Winslow, F. H.

doi:10.1002/app.1959.070010107

Cited by 73 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Standard test methods were used for both the thermoanalytical lO and oxygen-absorption studies. 11 The stabilities of the samples other than black were all obtained on the thermal analyzer described above. Two measurements were made:…”

Section: Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pigments on the Aging Characteristics of Polyolefins

Gilroy¹,

Chan²

1984

Polymer Additives

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Section: Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Pigments on the Aging Characteristics of Polyolefins

Gilroy¹,

Chan²

1984

Polymer Additives

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“…[23][24][25][26][27][28] Figure 9 shows the MFI and the OIT data of samples PE15-PE17 expressed as the black masterbatch content using Figure 6 The relationship between the ESCR and the OIT value of the samples PE1-PE5 from both the one-step and two-step extrusion methods. …”

Section: The Effect Of Different Types Of Antioxidants On the Oitmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of using the two-step extrusion method on the oxidation induction time value of recycled high density polyethylene

2012

Polym J

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The two-step extrusion method was used to manufacture pipe-grade high density polyethylene (HDPE) material from recycled HDPE. With the two-step extrusion method, dicumyl peroxide (DCP) can completely react after reactive extrusion without adding antioxidants in the first step, which increased the degree of cross-linking and the molecular weight of the recycled HDPE. Then, adding the antioxidant in the second extrusion step can avoid the conflict between the two additives. As a result, this method improved the oxidation induction time (OIT) and the environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR) value of HDPE compared with the traditional one-step extrusion method. For both Irganox 1035 and Irganox 300, the OIT using the two-step extrusion method is much higher than that using the one-step method. In addition, introducing carbon black (CB) into the black masterbatch affected the OIT. When the CB content was 0.8%, the OIT was at its maximum value. Polymer Journal (2012) 44, 421-426; doi:10.1038/pj.2012.9; published online 7 March 2012Keywords: oxidative induction time (OIT); reactive extrusion; recycled HDPE; two-step extrusion method. INTRODUCTIONPlastics account for an increasing fraction of the municipal solid waste worldwide. Low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene are the three largest components of plastic municipal waste. 1 Recycling contributes to the reduction in resource consumption and pollution. Fortunately, HDPE is an easily recyclable material. When HDPE is broken down for reuse, many materials can be made, such as recycled plastic lumber, toiletry containers, recycling bins, outdoor furniture, liquid containers and pipes. 2 The typical lifetime requirement for gas and water pipes is B50 years, but the pipes can fail in only 1 year because of the environmental stress cracking. 3 In addition, the oxidation induction time (OIT) is widely used for the determination of the thermal oxidative resistance of polyethylene materials. 4 The requirement on the OIT in pipe use is that the OIT value must be 420 min. 5 Therefore, both the environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR) and the OIT of polyethylene are of particular interest to manufacturers and researchers.Currently, recycled HDPE materials cannot be directly used for producing pipes, because the melt flow index (MFI) of these materials is too high to be extruded for pipes. The cross-linking of PE is an effective way to solve this problem. The most common method of cross-linking is the chemical method, particularly using peroxides as an initiator. Peroxide cross-linking by reactive extrusion is used to cause chain extension or long chain branch, even the cross-linking of HDPE chains, by which the molecular weight (MW) increases,

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“…Surprisingly the carbon black‐filled compound was less stable both in air and in nitrogen. Usually one expects carbon black to have little or no effect on the thermo‐oxidative degradation of polyolefins . However, Hawkins et al showed that addition of carbon black can adversely affect the performance of phenolic antioxidants commonly added to stabilize polyethylene against thermo‐oxidative degradation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame retarding effect of graphite in rotationally molded polyethylene/graphite composites

Mhike

Ferreira

et al. 2014

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) compounds containing 10 wt % graphite fillers were rotationally molded into flat sheets. Flame retardancy was studied using cone calorimeter tests conducted at a radiative heat flux of 35 kW/m2. Only the expandable graphite, an established flame retardant for polyethylene, significantly reduced the peak heat release rate. Compared with the neat polyethylene, it was easier to ignite the LLDPE composites containing carbon black, expandable graphite, and exfoliated graphite. However, rather unexpectedly, the inclusion of flake graphite increased the time to ignition by up to 80%. Simulations conducted with the ThermaKin numerical pyrolysis software suggest that increased reflectivity was mainly responsible for this effect. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41472.

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The effect of carbon black on thermal antioxidants for polyethylene

Cited by 73 publications

References 4 publications

Effect of Pigments on the Aging Characteristics of Polyolefins

Effect of Pigments on the Aging Characteristics of Polyolefins

The effect of using the two-step extrusion method on the oxidation induction time value of recycled high density polyethylene

Flame retarding effect of graphite in rotationally molded polyethylene/graphite composites

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